Scientific examination of prostate cancer is very important

In my country, prostate cancer has become a common malignant tumor that endangers men's health. It will cause physical pain to male patients, and more seriously, psychological torture. Therefore, for prostate patients, it is not only necessary to treat physical pain, but psychological treatment is also very critical.

Since the early symptoms of prostate cancer are not obvious, most patients are diagnosed in the late stage, which makes treatment very difficult and the prognosis is relatively poor. Therefore, the examination and treatment of prostate cancer is very important.

At present, the commonly used methods for diagnosing prostate cancer are mainly rectal digital examination, transrectal ultrasound examination and prostate specific antigen (PSA) serum test. These three are the basic methods for clinical diagnosis of prostate cancer. Rectal digital examination can detect prostate nodules and hardness. Transrectal B-ultrasound can detect low-echo lesions in the prostate and their size and invasion range. Prostate cancer is often accompanied by elevated serum PSA. Serum PSA, as a marker of prostate cancer, has a reference value for the diagnosis of early prostate cancer without symptoms. In addition, imaging examinations such as CT and MRI can only show the tumor invasion range and enlarged pelvic lymph nodes for stage C and stage D tumors. Whole-body radionuclide bone imaging and MRI can detect bone metastasis lesions at an early stage. The diagnosis of prostate cancer depends on prostate puncture biopsy guided by transrectal B-ultrasound. The cause of prostate cancer is unclear. Ninety-eight percent are adenocarcinomas, sixty to seventy percent occur in the peripheral zone of the prostate, and five to ten percent occur in the central zone. Most are androgen-dependent. my country mostly uses the ABCD staging system for prostate cancer, which is divided into four stages:

Stage A(I): small lesions found incidentally in surgical specimens of prostatic hyperplasia, most of which are well differentiated;

Stage B(Ⅱ): The tumor is confined to the prostate capsule;

Stage C (III): The tumor penetrates the capsule and invades adjacent organs, such as surrounding fat, seminal vesicles, bladder neck, and urethra;

Stage D (IV): There are pelvic local lymph nodes or distant metastases. Recommended reading: Three common prostate cancer diagnosis methods

The growth of early prostate cancer depends on the presence of androgens. Locally advanced and metastatic prostate cancer is usually treated with androgen removal. However, after a period of time, these patients will inevitably experience rapid rebound growth that is independent of androgen, leading to death. The mechanism of conversion to androgen independence is currently unclear, and there is a lack of effective treatments. Radical treatments can be used for patients with early prostate cancer. Methods that can cure early prostate cancer include radioactive particle implantation, radical prostatectomy, and radical external radiation therapy.

Radical radiotherapy is suitable for patients with localized prostate cancer. It mainly uses three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy and intensity-modulated conformal radiotherapy. In addition, external radiotherapy can also be used for adjuvant treatment of patients with pT3-4 pathology, seminal vesicle invasion, positive resection margins, or persistent postoperative PSA elevation after radical prostatectomy; it can also be used for palliative treatment of patients with advanced or metastatic prostate cancer. Comprehensive treatment methods should be used for patients with intermediate-stage prostate cancer, such as surgery + radiotherapy, endocrine therapy + radiotherapy, etc. Endocrine therapy is the main treatment for patients with hormone-sensitive advanced prostate cancer. Endocrine therapy methods include castration (surgical castration or medical castration) and anti-androgen therapy (bicalutamide or flutamide) or castration + anti-androgen therapy. The efficacy of surgical castration or medical castration is basically the same. However, almost all patients will eventually develop hormone-independent prostate cancer or hormone-resistant prostate cancer. Second-line endocrine therapy can be used for patients with hormone-independent prostate cancer. For patients with hormone-resistant prostate cancer, castration should be maintained, and chemotherapy based on docetaxel and mitoxantrone should be used at the same time. Patients with prostate cancer with bone metastasis should be treated with bone protective agents (mainly bisphosphonates) to prevent and reduce bone-related events, relieve bone pain, improve quality of life, and increase survival rate. External beam radiation therapy or radionuclides can also improve local bone pain.

Prostate cancer is common in older men and usually has no symptoms. Only when the tumor is large can it manifest as lower urinary tract obstruction symptoms, such as frequent urination, urgency, slow urination, interrupted urination, incomplete urination, and even urinary retention or incontinence. Hematuria is rare. Therefore, it is recommended that men over 65 years old must have regular checkups. If a family member has the above symptoms, it is recommended to go to the hospital as soon as possible for early detection and early treatment.

Through the introduction of the above experts, we know that only when the examination and diagnosis are correct can the treatment plan formulated by the doctor for the patient be accurate, and can the patient be helped to relieve the pain as much as possible and get rid of the troubles of the disease as soon as possible. Therefore, we must attach importance to the examination of prostate cancer.