4 methods for detecting tumor markers for bladder cancer

There are various methods for examining bladder cancer. Among them, tumor marker detection is a method of diagnosing early tumors using immune principles as immunology develops. However, most of the various immune tests are non-specific and need to be combined with other diagnostic methods to confirm the diagnosis.

1. ABO (H) blood type antigen ? It is not a tumor antigen, but a tissue antigen. According to the detection of partial or complete loss of ABO (H) antigen on the surface of bladder mucosa epithelium, it means that the tumor is highly malignant and prone to recurrence, with a poor prognosis. If this antigen is retained, the tumor is not likely to infiltrate the muscle layer, which can limit the infiltration and growth of the tumor to a certain extent. Therefore, it has a more practical significance for the diagnosis, efficacy observation and prognosis of bladder tumors.

2. Bladder cancer antigen (BTA) is a method for detecting membrane antigens of bladder cancer. It has high sensitivity and specificity for transitional cell membrane epithelial surface cancer, is simple and practical to operate, and its positive rate for diagnosing bladder cancer is about 70%.

3. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)? Carcinoembryonic antigen is a tumor-associated antigen that does not exist in normal urothelium, but CEA is significantly increased in plasma and urine of bladder patients, so it is a more useful tumor marker. The amount of CEA increase has nothing to do with tumor size, degree of differentiation or infiltration range. Urinary tract infection can affect CEA levels and cause false positives, so it is necessary to pay attention to investigation.

4. Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes (LDH isoenzymes) ? In malignant tumors, many lactate dehydrogenases will show an upward trend. Normal bladder epithelium only has LDH1T and LDH2. In advanced bladder cancer with deep tumor infiltration, LDH5 and LDH4 increase significantly and occupy a prominent position.