What are the diagnostic methods for laryngeal cancer?

In recent years, laryngeal cancer has become a major disease that endangers human life. It has brought great pain and distress to mankind. Do you know the diagnosis method of laryngeal cancer? The following experts will introduce us to the diagnosis method of laryngeal cancer.

1. Diagnosis of laryngeal cancer

Clinical diagnosis

1. Any unexplained hoarseness or foreign body sensation in the throat, which persists after symptomatic treatment, especially in patients over 46 years old, accompanied by irritating dry cough, blood in sputum, throat pain, headache, earache, and difficulty breathing

2. Neck lumps, including variations in the contour of the thyroid cartilage, the thyrohyoid membrane, the superior angle of the thyroid cartilage, the cricothyroid membrane, and the thyroid gland.

3. Starting from the mandibular angle, there are enlarged lymph nodes along the front edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle downward. They are hard, non-tender, and have reduced mobility.

4. Long-term smokers with a family history of cancer, people who work in certain occupations, people who are exposed to radioactive substances and asbestos dust, and people who manufacture dichromates, etc., should be subject to a focused survey and diagnosis should be given priority.

5. With the help of X-ray, CT, laryngoscopy, local cell smear of laryngeal lesions, cytopathology examination, combined with actual examination, the diagnosis can usually be confirmed.

2. Differential diagnosis of laryngeal cancer

Laryngeal cancer should be differentiated from the following diseases.

1. Nodular laryngitis (also known as vocal nodules) is characterized by small intermittent hoarseness, which is aggravated at night and lighter in the morning, dryness and slight pain in the throat, and increased laryngeal secretions. It is more likely to occur at the junction of the front and middle 13 of the vocal cords. The free edge is symmetrical mucosal nodules, edema-like, smooth in surface, as big as rice grains, with a wide base. Congestion, rest, reduced voice, nebulization inhalation, ultrashort wave physical therapy, and appropriate antibiotic treatment are effective. Larger ones must be removed under laryngoscope.

2. Laryngeal tuberculosis Patients with laryngeal tuberculosis have varying degrees of sore throat, and most of them have tuberculosis lesions in the lungs. The lesions are granular, pink or pale edematous, often accompanied by shallow ulcers, covered with purulent secretions. The posterior joint is a common site for laryngeal tuberculosis, while laryngeal cancer is rare. Anti-tuberculosis treatment is effective, and biopsy cytology and secretion smears to find acid-fast bacilli are helpful for diagnosis.

3. Laryngeal keratosis and laryngeal leukoplakia. The symptoms are hoarseness and discomfort in the throat. They are more common in middle-aged men. Laryngoscopy shows thickened vocal cords, which appear as pink or white patches. The surrounding tissues often have inflammatory reactions, which are mostly unilateral but can also affect both vocal cords. They are prone to recurrence and have a tendency to become malignant. Pathological biopsy can confirm the diagnosis.

4. Laryngeal cancer papilloma This disease is common in children and can be seen in adults. It is currently believed to be caused by viral infection and is often complicated by skin warts, with no difference between men and women. The main manifestation is hoarseness. Laryngoscopy shows that children often have lesions in various parts of the larynx, with pedicles, a relatively wide base, and a cauliflower shape. Adults have a single pedicle, often in the vocal cords, with no restrictions on movement. It is more common in men, and the lesions are limited. When pathological examination shows severe atypical hyperplasia, it should be completely removed to prevent malignant transformation.

5. The clinical manifestations of laryngeal amyloidosis are mild hoarseness and sometimes wheezing-like dyspnea. The lesions often occur in the anterior part of the subglottic larynx, and may also occur in the ventricular zone and vocal cords. They present as single or multiple nodules, or diffuse thickening of the mucosa. The vocal cords are rarely fixed. The course of the disease is long. Pathological examination shows amyloid Congo red positive, and the diffuse lesions are sensitive to corticosteroids.

6. Wegener's granulomatosis Clinical manifestations of this disease include hoarseness, laryngeal ulcers, secondary infection, and often accompanied by dyspnea. Pathological tissue is necrotic granulation, vasculitis, and scattered giant cells and inflammatory cell infiltration. It is often accompanied by lung and kidney lesions. Pathological examination is required for diagnosis.

7. Benign mixed tumor of larynx This disease is rare, originating from the minor salivary glands, and occurs in the aryepiglottic fold or supraglottic area. The surface mucosa is smooth, the border is clear, the tumor is solid, and the shadow of the mass with smooth border is seen on the lateral neck X-ray film. Pathological examination is of great significance for diagnosis.

8. Laryngeal tracheal thyroid tumors are rare. They are caused by the thyroid gland growing into the trachea through cartilage during the embryonic period. They are more likely to occur in the subglottic area, on the posterior wall of the trachea. The tumor part is outside the trachea. They are more common in middle-aged women with endemic goiter. They are manifested as progressive dyspnea, which worsens during menstruation, normal voice, and soft tissue shadows protruding into the tracheal cavity on X-rays. 131I scans show that the tumor area absorbs iodine.

9. Benign laryngeal granular cell tumor. This disease usually occurs in patients aged 29-42 years. The lesions are located in the vocal cords and are often accompanied by symptoms of hoarseness. The nodules on the smooth mucosa are less than 1 cm in diameter with unclear boundaries and unrestricted vocal cord movement. Pathological examination is required for diagnosis.

10. Laryngeal plasmacytoma This disease is rare and occurs in middle-aged and elderly men. It occurs in various parts of the larynx, especially the epiglottis, vocal cords, ventricular cords and laryngeal ventricles. It manifests as hoarseness and often complicated by dyspnea. Laryngoscopy shows diffuse submucosal tumor tissue infiltration in the larynx. The lesions often extend beyond the larynx and involve the pharynx. Pathological biopsy is of differential significance.

The above is the diagnosis method of laryngeal cancer introduced by experts. Expert Tip: If you have symptoms of disease, do not delay diagnosis and go to a regular hospital for treatment in time to avoid delaying the disease and causing serious consequences. If you have other questions, please consult our online experts or call for consultation. I wish you health and happiness!

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