What are the early symptoms of prostate cancer?

In the early stages of prostate cancer, most prostate cancer patients have no obvious symptoms due to the localization of the tumor. It is often discovered accidentally during physical examinations or in surgical specimens of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

As the tumor continues to develop, prostate cancer will have a variety of different symptoms, mainly in three aspects:

1. Obstructive symptoms may include dysuria, urinary retention, pain, hematuria or urinary incontinence.

2. Local infiltrative symptoms The bladder-rectum space is often affected first. This space includes the prostate, seminal vesicle, vas deferens, lower end of ureter and other organ structures. If the tumor invades and compresses the vas deferens, it will cause low back pain and testicular pain. Some patients also complain of pain during ejaculation.

3. Other symptoms of metastasis Prostate cancer is prone to bone metastasis. There may be no symptoms at the beginning. Sometimes prostate cancer is not discovered until medical treatment due to nerve compression or pathological fracture caused by bone metastasis.

98% of prostate cancers are adenocarcinomas, and about 2% are squamous cell carcinomas. 75% originate from the peripheral zone, 20% from the transition zone, and 5% from the central zone. The stages of prostate cancer are as follows:

T1: T1a is clinically negative, and the cancer in the TUR specimen accounts for less than 5% of the total volume; T1b is clinically negative, and the cancer in the TUR specimen accounts for more than 5% of the total volume; T1c is clinically negative, PSA>4μg/L, and biopsy confirms cancer.

T2: T2a is limited to 2 lobes; T2b is limited to 2 lobes.

T3: T3a penetrates the cavity; T3b invades the seminal vesicle.

T4: Invasion of surrounding tissues.

N: N0: no lymph node metastasis; N1: pelvic lymph node metastasis; N2: distant lymph node metastasis

M: M0: no distant metastasis; M1: metastasis to distant organs.

Prostate cancer is graded based on glandular differentiation, pleomorphism, and nuclear abnormalities. The Gleason grade is commonly used to divide cancer cell differentiation into two levels: major and minor, with each level scored from 1 to 5. The scores of the two levels are added together, with a total score of 2 to 4 points for well-differentiated cancer, 5 to 7 points for moderately differentiated cancer, and 8 to 10 points for poorly differentiated cancer.

Most prostate cancers are androgen-dependent, and their occurrence and development are closely related to androgen, while only a minority are hormone-independent. Prostate cancer can spread locally, through lymph nodes and blood, and blood metastasis is most common in the spine and pelvis.

The above is an introduction to "What are the early symptoms of prostate cancer?" For people who are related to the pathogenic factors of prostate cancer, it is recommended to take preventive measures against prostate cancer. If you have other questions about prostate cancer, please consult our experts online or call for consultation.

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