What are the effects of the third generation antibiotics

In real life, the application of antibiotics can be said to be very extensive. Many people use antibiotics to treat symptoms such as headaches, colds and fevers. Most people believe that antibiotics are a good medicine that can treat a variety of diseases. In fact, this is not the case. There are many things to pay attention to when using antibiotics. If antibiotics are abused, it may cause serious problems. So, what are third-generation antibiotics?

First generation: cephalothin (Xianfeng I), cephalothin (Xianfeng II), cephalexin (Xianfeng IV), cefazolin (Xianfeng V), cefradine (Xianfeng VI), cefoperazone; second generation: cefuroxime, cefoxitin, cefaclor, cefmandole, cefmetazole; third generation: ceftriaxone sodium, cefoperazone sodium, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone; fourth generation: cefpirome; Antibiotics are secondary metabolites of microorganisms. They neither participate in cell structure nor are they storage nutrients in cells. They are harmless to the producing bacteria themselves, but have antagonistic effects on certain microorganisms. They are a defense mechanism for microorganisms to defeat other microorganisms and preserve themselves in interspecies competition. Antibiotics have characteristics different from chemical drugs:

(1) Antibiotics can selectively act on bacterial cell DNA and RNA

And specific links of the protein synthesis system, interfering with cell metabolism, hindering life activities or causing growth cessation or even death. It is different from ordinary non-selective disinfectants or bactericides. The antibacterial activity of antibiotics is mainly manifested in three phenomena: bacteriostasis, bactericidal and bacteriolytic. There is no clear boundary between these three functions. The antibacterial effect of antibiotics is related to the concentration used, duration of action, types of sensitive microorganisms and surrounding environmental conditions.

(2) Antibiotics are selective in their effects; different antibiotics have different effects on different pathogens. The types of pathogens that are sensitive to a certain antibiotic are called the antibiotic spectrum (antimicrobial spectrum) of that antibiotic. For example, the mycobacterium truncatum produced by Streptomyces lilacinus has a medical effect only on a few viruses, but has no effect on bacteria, fungi and most other viruses. Broad-spectrum antibiotics have antimicrobial effects on a variety of pathogens. For example, penicillin has good efficacy against a variety of Gram-positive bacteria, and streptomycin has good efficacy against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and has special therapeutic effects on Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

(3) Effective concentration. Antibiotics are physiologically active substances. Various antibiotics generally take effect on pathogens at very low concentrations, which is another major feature that distinguishes antibiotics from other chemical fungicides. The effective concentrations of various antibiotics against different microorganisms vary. Usually, the lowest concentration that inhibits the growth of microorganisms is used as the antibacterial strength of the antibiotic, referred to as the effective concentration. The lower the effective concentration, the stronger the antibacterial effect.

Antibiotics with an effective concentration above 100 mg/L are of low efficacy, and those with an effective concentration below 1 mg/L are of high efficacy.

What are the principles for the use of antibiotics?

The following basic principles must be considered when using antibiotics clinically:

1. Strictly follow the indications and avoid using antibiotics if possible. In addition to considering the specificity of the antibiotics' antibacterial effects, it is also necessary to understand the adverse reactions of the drugs and the relationship between the in vivo processes and the efficacy.

2. Antibiotics should not be used for patients with unexplained fever. Except for patients with critical conditions and highly suspected bacterial infection, antibiotics should not be used for patients with unexplained fever, because the use of antibiotics often makes it difficult to detect pathogenic microorganisms and makes clinical manifestations atypical, affecting clinical diagnosis and delaying treatment.

3. Antibiotics are not needed for diseases that are viral or suspected to be viral infections. Antibiotics are ineffective against various viral infections. It is harmless to give antibiotics to patients with measles, mumps, colds, influenza, etc. More than 90% of pharyngitis and upper respiratory tract infections are caused by viruses. Therefore, antibiotics are generally not used unless it can be confirmed that the infection is bacterial.

4. Try to avoid using antibiotics on local skin and mucous membranes because allergic reactions are likely to occur and it can easily lead to the production of drug-resistant bacteria. Therefore, except for the main topical antibiotics such as neomycin and bacitracin, the topical application of other antibiotics, especially penicillin G, should be avoided as much as possible. When using antibiotics for burns of the eye mucosa and skin, it is important to choose the appropriate time and dosage.

In short, antibiotics are not anti-inflammatory drugs and cannot play any therapeutic role in inflammation in the body. Even if they have an effect, they can only help the body kill microorganisms. Antibiotics must not be used casually as drugs to treat inflammation, otherwise if allergies and other problems occur, the consequences will be disastrous.