What are the clinical diagnostic methods for colon cancer?

Early symptoms of colon cancer are usually mild or not obvious, often ignored by patients, and easily missed. Therefore, patients over middle age should be alert when they have the following symptoms and consider the possibility of colon cancer:

① Changes in bowel habits (such as constipation, diarrhea or difficulty in defecation), persistent abdominal discomfort, dull pain or bloating in the recent period;

②The fecal occult blood test is continuously positive;

③The stool becomes thinner or contains blood and mucus;

④ A mass can be felt in the abdomen;

⑤ Unexplained anemia, fatigue, or weight loss, etc.

When there are any suspicious symptoms, in addition to further history taking and physical examination, the following system examinations should be performed immediately to confirm the diagnosis.

1. Anal digital examination and rectal endoscopy are performed to check for rectal polyps, rectal cancer, internal hemorrhoids or other lesions for identification.

2. Sigmoidoscopy and fiber colonoscopy Although the sigmoidoscope is 25 cm long, 75% of colorectal cancers are within the scope of the sigmoidoscope. Microscopic examination can not only detect cancer, but also observe its size, location and local infiltration range. Sigmoidoscopy can be used to take tissue for pathological examination. Fiber colonoscopy can provide a higher diagnosis rate and has been widely used in China. Skilled operators can insert the fiber colonoscope into the cecum and terminal ileum, and can also take photos. It is indeed an ideal examination method.

3. X-ray examination

1) Plain abdominal film examination is suitable for cases with acute intestinal obstruction, which can show that the colon above the obstruction site is inflated and swollen.

2) Barium enema examination shows that the intestinal wall at the cancer site is rigid, poorly distensible, peristalsis weakens or disappears at the lesion, the colon bag is irregular or disappears, the intestinal cavity is narrow, the mucosal folds are disordered, destroyed or disappeared, and there is a filling defect. Barium-air double contrast radiography is more helpful in diagnosing pedunculated tumors in the colon.

4. The carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) test has little diagnostic value for early cases, but it is helpful in predicting prognosis and judging recurrence.

There is still a lack of practical plans for large-scale population prevention and control surveys of colon cancer. The only way is to promptly use appropriate examination methods when encountering the above-mentioned suspicious signs of colon cancer and make an early diagnosis, especially when encountering a positive fecal occult blood test, it is imperative to further investigate the cause.

Colon cancer is mainly adenocarcinoma, and the rest are mucinous adenocarcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma. The gross morphology can be polyp-like, ulcerative, etc. Colon cancer can develop along the intestinal wall in a circular manner, spread up and down along the longitudinal diameter of the intestinal tube, or infiltrate into the deep layer of the intestinal wall. In addition to metastasis through lymphatic vessels and blood flow and local invasion, it can be implanted into the abdominal cavity or spread along sutures and incision surfaces. It is more common in middle-aged men, and those who develop from adenomas and polyps to cancer are at a younger age.

The above is the clinical diagnosis of colon cancer. Expert Tips: If you have symptoms of disease, you can choose the appropriate treatment according to your symptoms, but do not delay diagnosis, and do not let your life be ruined by hesitation. You should go to a regular hospital for treatment in time to avoid delaying the disease and causing serious consequences. If you have other questions, please consult our online experts or call for consultation. Believe in miracles, and wish you health, happiness, and joy!

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