What tests should be done for prostate cancer

In recent years, prostate cancer has become a major disease that endangers human life. It has brought great pain and distress to humans. The causes of prostate cancer are very complex. The known high-risk factors include age, race, genetics, diet, vasectomy, smoking, obesity, other prostate lesions, etc. Therefore, we all need to understand the examination of prostate cancer. So what examinations do patients with prostate cancer need? Let us learn about it together.

Laboratory tests

① The serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is elevated, but in about 30% of patients, the PSA may not be elevated, but only fluctuates within the normal range (normal range <4.0ng/ml). If the PSA measurement is combined with the digital rectal examination (DRE), the detection rate will be significantly improved.

② Elevated serum acid phosphatase is related to prostate cancer metastasis, but lacks specificity. In recent years, radioimmunoassay can improve its specificity. Prostate acid phosphatase monoclonal antibody and prostate antigen assay need to improve their specificity. 20% to 70% of stage C prostate cancer have elevated acid phosphatase, and lymph node metastasis also increases. If it continues to increase, there must be bone metastasis. Serum acid phosphatase, those with elevated prostate acid phosphatase will decrease after surgery, which is a sign of a better prognosis. Prostate cancer acid phosphatase in the capsule is secreted by prostate cells and excreted through the prostate duct. In prostate cancer, the acid phosphatase produced by cancer cells has no ductal discharge or the duct is blocked by cancerous lesions, and the enzyme is absorbed into the blood circulation, resulting in elevated acid phosphatase.

Imaging tests

1. Ultrasound examination can detect low-echo nodules in the prostate, but they must be differentiated from inflammation or stones.

2. Radionuclide bone scanning can often show metastatic lesions earlier than X-rays.

3. CT or MRI examinations can show prostate morphological changes, tumors and metastasis. The main CT manifestations of prostate cancer are that the cancer foci show low-density areas with no obvious enhancement during enhanced scanning, irregular capsule display, disappearance of fat around the gland, blurred boundaries of the seminal vesicles after the seminal vesicles are invaded, disappearance of the bladder-seminal vesicle angle or enlargement of the seminal vesicles; when the tumor invades the bladder or the organs around the prostate, the pelvic CT may show corresponding changes. When the pelvic lymph nodes have tumor metastasis, CT can judge whether metastasis has occurred based on the changes in the size of the pelvic lymph node group.

The MRI examination of prostate cancer mainly uses the T2-weighted sequence. On the T2-weighted image, if a low-signal defect area appears within the high-signal peripheral zone of the prostate, if the prostate band structure is destroyed, and the boundary between the peripheral zone and the central zone disappears, prostate cancer should be considered.

4. Prostate biopsy can be used as a method to confirm prostate cancer. Failure to remove tumor tissue does not negate the diagnosis.

Elevated serum acid phosphatase is related to prostate cancer metastasis, but lacks specificity. In recent years, radioimmunoassay can improve its specificity. Prostate acid phosphatase monoclonal antibody and prostate antigen assay need to improve their specificity. 20% to 70% of stage C prostate cancer have elevated acid phosphatase, and it is also elevated if there is lymph node metastasis. If it continues to rise, there will definitely be bone metastasis. Serum acid phosphatase, those with elevated prostate acid phosphatase will decrease after surgery, which is a sign of a better prognosis. Prostate cancer acid phosphatase in the capsule is secreted by prostate cells and excreted through the prostate duct. In prostate cancer, the acid phosphatase produced by cancer cells has no ductal discharge or the duct is blocked by cancerous lesions, and the enzyme is absorbed into the blood circulation, resulting in elevated acid phosphatase.

The above is an introduction to the examination methods for prostate cancer. I hope it can be helpful to everyone. Experts suggest: If you have symptoms of disease in your health, do not delay diagnosis and go to a regular hospital for treatment in time to avoid delaying the disease and causing serious consequences. If you have other questions, please consult our experts online.

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