What tests should be done for lung cancer?

In recent years, the incidence and mortality of lung cancer have increased rapidly in countries around the world, especially in industrialized countries. Lung cancer ranks first among male patients who die from cancer. The causes of lung cancer are many and complex, and it has brought great pain and distress to mankind. Many people do not realize that lung cancer has become the number one killer of cancer. So what tests should be done for lung cancer?

1. Sputum exfoliative cytology is simple and easy to perform , but the positive detection rate is only 50% to 80%, and there is a 1% to 2% false positive rate. This method is suitable for general screening in high-risk groups and for the diagnosis of isolated lung shadows or unexplained hemoptysis.

2. Percutaneous lung puncture cytology is suitable for peripheral lesions and is not suitable for thoracotomy cases for various reasons. Other methods have not been able to establish a histological diagnosis. At present, it tends to be combined with CT to use a fine needle, which is safer to operate and has fewer complications. The positive rate is 74% to 96% in malignant tumors, while it is lower at 50% to 74% in benign tumors. Complications include pneumothorax 20% to 35% (about 1/4 of which require treatment), small amount of hemoptysis 3%, fever 1.3%, air embolism 0.5%, and needle tract implantation 0.02%. Thoracic surgery is less used because it has thoracoscopy, thoracotomy and other means.

3. Patients suspected or confirmed of lung cancer by thoracentesis cytology may have pleural effusion or pleural metastasis. The cell analysis of pleural effusion extracted by thoracentesis can clarify the stage and provide a basis for diagnosis in some cases. For lung cancer with pleural effusion, bronchopulmonary adenocarcinoma has the highest detection rate, and its positive rate of cytological diagnosis is 40% to 75%. If the cytological analysis of the pleural effusion obtained by puncture cannot make a diagnosis, further examination methods such as thoracoscopy can be considered.

4. Scalene and supraclavicular lymph node biopsy For lung cancer patients, routine biopsy cannot palpate the scalene or supraclavicular lymph nodes, and metastasis is rarely found. For patients with palpable supraclavicular lymph nodes, the diagnosis rate is close to 90%. Biopsy occasionally causes complications such as pneumothorax and massive bleeding. Even if complications are rare, for cases where lymph nodes can be palpated in the scalene or supraclavicular muscles, FNAB (fine needle aspiration biopsy) is currently recommended, while surgical biopsy of the lymph nodes is reserved. Routine histology and appropriate immunohistochemistry examinations are helpful for the diagnosis of cell typing.

5. Serum tumor markers Many serum tumor markers related to lung cancer have been found. These markers may indicate the enhancement of carcinogenic factors or the degree of "detoxification" of certain carcinogens. Serum tumor markers for lung cancer may become valuable indicators for tumor staging and prognosis analysis, and can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment. The results of tumor marker tests must be combined with other test results and cannot be used alone to diagnose cancer.

6. Monoclonal antibody scanning The use of monoclonal antibodies for screening, diagnosis and staging is currently a field of experimentation. Immunofluorescence imaging of anti-carcinoembryonic antigen MoAb labeled with radioactive substances has been reported. Currently, 111In or 99Tc are generally used for labeling. 73% of primary tumors and 90% of secondary tumors absorb radioactive labeled antibodies, respectively. The absorption of antibodies is also affected by the size and location of the tumor.

The above is the introduction of "What tests should be done for lung cancer?" I hope it will be helpful to everyone. Once abnormal symptoms are found, you should go to the hospital in time to avoid delaying the disease. If you have other questions, please consult our online doctor for answers. Feihua Health Network wishes you good health!

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