How to prepare homemade saline solution

Physiological saline solution has a wide range of uses in daily life. If you make your own saline solution at home, you can boil the purchased saline solution and then let it cool before use. However, you need to add a little water to make its concentration lower than that of saline solution. This way, if you use it to clean the nasal cavity, it will be effective. However, it is best not to make your own saline solution. Homemade saline solution is not sterilized, and if you use it, the effect may not be particularly good.

Physiological saline refers to a sodium chloride solution commonly used in physiological experiments or clinical practice, whose osmotic pressure is basically equal to the osmotic pressure of animal or human plasma. Concentration: 0.67-0.70% for amphibians and 0.85-0.9% for mammals and humans. The concentration of sodium chloride injection that people usually use for intravenous drips is 0.9%, which can be used as normal saline. Its osmotic pressure is similar to that of human blood, and its sodium content is also similar to that of plasma, but its chloride content is significantly higher than that in plasma. Therefore, normal saline is only relatively physiological, and its purpose is to supply electrolytes and maintain the tension of body fluids. It can also be used externally, such as cleaning wounds or changing dressings. 0.9% sodium chloride solution (i.e. normal saline) can maintain the normal morphology of cells.

Physiological saline is also called sterile saline solution. Its English abbreviation is SPSS, and its full English name is stroke-physiological saline solution.

Normal saline is a 0.9% sodium chloride aqueous solution. Because its osmotic pressure value is roughly the same as that of normal human plasma and tissue fluid, it can be used for fluid replacement (without reducing or increasing the sodium ion concentration in the normal human body) and other medical purposes. It is also often used for in vitro culture of living tissues and cells. It is the concentration of the liquid environment in which human cells are located.

Sodium chloride: commonly known as salt, table salt (without iodine).

Formula 1 Physiological saline solution for various animals

The saline concentration required for mammals is 0.9%. Weigh 0.9 g of sodium chloride, dissolve it in a small amount of distilled water, and dilute to 100 ml.

The saline concentration required for birds is 0.75%. Weigh 0.75 g of sodium chloride, dissolve it and dilute it with distilled water.

Dilute to 100 ml.

The saline concentration required for amphibians is 0.65%. Weigh 0.65 g of sodium chloride, dissolve it and dilute it to 100 ml with distilled water.

Formula 2: Ringer's saline solution

Sodium chloride 6.5 g Sodium bicarbonate 0.2 g

Potassium chloride 0.14 g Sodium dihydrogen phosphate 0.01 g

Calcium chloride 0.12 g

First, dissolve sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium dihydrogen phosphate in a small amount of distilled water respectively, mix them, and dilute them to 980 ml with distilled water. Then dissolve the chloride in 20 ml of distilled water and add the calcium chloride solution drop by drop into the above solution while stirring to avoid the formation of insoluble calcium phosphate precipitate.

This solution is used for cold-blooded animals, especially amphibians.

Formula Locke's saline solution

Sodium chloride 9.0 g Sodium bicarbonate 0.1-0.3 g

Potassium chloride 0.42 g Calcium chloride 0.24 g

Dissolve sodium chloride, potassium chloride and sodium bicarbonate in a small amount of distilled water respectively, mix them and add distilled water to 980 ml. Dissolve calcium chloride in 20 ml of distilled water and add it dropwise to the above solution.

Metabolic alkali poisoning that is not responsive to saline

(1) Excessive secretion of mineralocorticoids: When there is an excess of primary mineralocorticoids, it can increase the reabsorption of Na+ and H2O by the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys, and promote the excretion of K+ and H+. Therefore, excessive aldosterone can lead to increased renal loss of H+ and reabsorption of NaHCO3, causing metabolic alkali poisoning and hypokalemia. At this time, supplementation with normal saline cannot correct the condition, so it is called "chloride-unresponsive alkali poisoning."

(2) Potassium deficiency: Potassium deficiency in the body can cause metabolic alkali poisoning. This is because in hypokalemia, the extracellular fluid K+ concentration decreases, the intracellular K+ transfers to the extracellular space, and the H+ in the extracellular fluid moves into the cells; at the same time, the lack of K+ in the renal tubular epithelial cells can lead to increased H+ excretion, thereby increasing the H+-Na+ exchange and HCO3- reabsorption, thus causing metabolic alkali poisoning. At this time, the patient's urine is still acidic, which is called paradoxical acid urine. Potassium salt supplementation is required during treatment; sodium chloride solution alone cannot correct this type of metabolic alkali poisoning.

(3) Excessive intake of alkaline substances: This is seen in patients with ulcer disease who take excessive amounts of NaHCO3 for a long time. This type of drug is rarely used to treat peptic ulcers, so alkali poisoning caused by this reason is less common. Transfusion of large amounts of sodium bicarbonate and stored blood can cause iatrogenic metabolic alkali poisoning because the citrate anticoagulant in the transfused blood can produce excessive HCO3- through metabolism.