What are the clinical tests for hamartoma

What are the clinical tests for hamartoma? This should be a question that hamartoma patients are more concerned about. Due to human nature, many people are very resistant to medical examinations, and they will go to the hospital for examinations unless there is really no other way. If patients can know the test items for the disease in advance, they will be mentally prepared and not be too afraid. Let me introduce to you the clinical tests for hamartoma.

The clinical examination items of hamartoma vary according to the different tissues of disease:

1. Pulmonary Hamartoma

(1) Plain scan CT examination shows an isodense space-occupying lesion located behind the pituitary stalk, the interpeduncular cistern, the prepontine cistern, and the suprasellar cistern. Large tumors may compress the floor of the third ventricle and deform it, and there is no enhancement after injection.

(2) MRI is currently the preferred and best imaging examination method. Typical manifestations are: a round or oval mass located behind the pituitary stalk, between the optic chiasm and the midbrain, in the gray tubercle and mammillary body area, with clear boundaries, with or without a pedicle; it can protrude upward into the third ventricle floor as a round or oval protrusion. The signal of the mass is uniform, mostly similar to the cerebral cortex, T1W1 is equal signal, a few cases have a slightly lower signal than the cerebral cortex, and a few have a slightly higher signal; T2W1 shows an equal or high T2 signal change. There is no enhancement after injection of the enhancer. MRI can maximize the display of the relationship between HH and the surrounding important structures.

(3) In the early stage of EEG examination, when the patient only has gelastic epileptic seizures, the scalp EEG is usually normal between attacks. As the disease progresses, the forms of epileptic seizures become more diverse: the patient's EEG background activity is diffusely slowed, and isolated epileptic discharges or inhibition in the temporal or frontal lobes, or irregular and generalized spike-wave discharges, can be seen between attacks. The EEG during the attack is mainly characterized by diffuse low-voltage rhythmic fast activity or general EEG background inhibition.

2. Breast Hamartoma

If a painless breast mass is found and the patient comes to the hospital for treatment, the doctor's physical examination is the first check. Combined with imaging examinations such as mammography and breast ultrasound, the final diagnosis should be based on pathological histological examination.

3. Pulmonary Hamartoma

(1) Chest X-rays are round or oval with clear edges and increased density shadows, which are mostly uneven and located in the periphery of the lungs. Sometimes calcification points appear, mostly in the center and evenly distributed. Popcorn-like calcification is a typical change of pulmonary hamartoma and is of great significance for the qualitative diagnosis of pulmonary hamartoma. Calcification helps to distinguish malignant tumors.

(2) Chest CT shows nodules or masses with smooth and neat edges, no deep lobulation sign or spiculation sign, and no satellite lesions. Calcification may be present in some cases, and the presence of "popcorn" calcification is a characteristic manifestation of pulmonary hamartoma.

4. Renal Hamartoma

(1) Laboratory tests: Urine tests may show occult blood. Patients with bilateral renal hamartomas may present with hypertension and renal insufficiency, and laboratory tests may show abnormalities in blood creatinine and urea nitrogen.

(2) Imaging examination

1) Ultrasound examination is quite characteristic. The fat and blood vessels in the tumor show evenly distributed dense high-echo areas, while the muscle and hemorrhage parts show low-echo areas.

2) X-ray examination of the abdomen showed that the kidney outline was unclear, the psoas muscle shadow disappeared, and there was calcification in the kidney area. Urinary tract angiography showed that the mass compressed the renal pelvis and calyces, causing them to deform, lengthen, shorten, etc., but there was no invasion phenomenon.

3) CT examination is the main method for diagnosing renal hamartoma. It is a mass with uneven density and high fat content, and the CT value is -40 to -90Hu.

4) MRI examination In recent years, MRI examination has also played an increasingly important role in the diagnosis of renal hamartoma.

5. Hepatic Hamartoma

(1) Laboratory tests show that liver function is within the normal range. A small number of patients have elevated blood AFP and possibly elevated CA19-9.

(2) Imaging examination

1) Ultrasound examination of the abdomen shows a clear-margin anechoic liver cyst, which can be isolated or multiple. A large mass with multiple cysts, thick walls and no calcification can be seen inside the tumor.

2) CT examination CT shows a few vascular masses, capsules and solid tissues with lower density than the liver. Huge low-density areas with uneven density and multiple cystic liquid dark areas can be seen in the liver.

3) On normal abdominal plain films, the position of intestinal gas shadows becomes lower, but calcification shadows are not always found.

4) MRI examination: With the improvement of MRI technology, such as the development of gradient echo imaging and spin echo, MRI is of great help in the diagnosis of this disease.