Kidney cancer staging and grading

Kidney cancer staging:

Kidney cancer is a malignant tumor that originates from the renal parenchyma urinary tubular epithelial system. The full academic term is renal cell carcinoma, also known as renal adenocarcinoma, or renal cancer for short. It includes various subtypes of renal cell carcinoma from different parts of the urinary tubules, but does not include tumors from the renal interstitium and renal pelvis.

Clinical manifestations:

The most common symptoms of renal cancer patients are low back pain and hematuria, and a few patients come to the hospital with abdominal masses. 10% to 40% of patients suffer from paraneoplastic syndrome, such as hypertension, anemia, weight loss, cachexia, fever, polycythemia, abnormal liver function, hypercalcemia, hyperglycemia, accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, neuromuscular disease, amyloid degeneration, galactorrhea, abnormal coagulation mechanism, etc. 20% to 30% of patients may experience bone pain, fractures, cough, hemoptysis and other symptoms due to tumor metastasis.

Kidney cancer stages:

Kidney cancer is staged according to the TNM stage. Stage T1 means the tumor is limited to the kidney, with a maximum diameter of less than or equal to 7 cm; stage T2 means the tumor is limited to the kidney, with a maximum diameter greater than 7 cm; stage T3 means the tumor invades the renal vein or perirenal tissue outside the adrenal gland, not exceeding the perirenal fascia; stage T4 means the tumor infiltrates the perirenal fascia and invades the ipsilateral adrenal gland near the tumor.