What are the common causes of thyroid cancer

What are the common causes of thyroid cancer? Although there are many modern treatments for thyroid cancer, there is no way to guarantee a 100% cure. So if you want to avoid the harm caused by this disease, you need to take preventive measures against thyroid cancer. So what are the common causes of thyroid cancer?

Causes

The cause of thyroid adenoma is unknown, but it may be related to gender, genetic factors, radiation exposure, TSH overstimulation, and endemic goiter.

1. Gender

The incidence of thyroid tumors in women is 5 to 6 times that in men, suggesting that gender factors may be related to the onset of the disease, but there is currently no evidence that estrogen stimulates the growth of tumor cells.

2. Oncogenes

The expression of the oncogene c-myc can be found in thyroid adenomas. Activating mutations and overexpression of codons 12, 13, and 61 of the oncogene H-ras can also be found in adenomas. Mutations of proteins involved in the TSH-G protein adenylyl cyclase signaling pathway can also be found in hyperfunctional adenomas, including mutations in the extracellular and transmembrane segments of the TSH receptor transmembrane functional region and mutations in the stimulatory GTP-binding protein. The above findings all indicate that the onset of adenoma may be related to oncogenes, but the above gene mutations are only found in a small number of adenomas.

3. Familial tumors

Thyroid adenomas may be seen in some familial tumor syndromes, including Cowden disease and Catney syndrome.

4. External radiation exposure

The incidence of thyroid cancer in people who have undergone X-ray treatment of the head, neck, and chest in childhood is about 100 times higher, and the incidence of thyroid adenoma is also significantly increased.

5. TSH Overstimulation

Some patients with thyroid adenoma may be found to have elevated blood TSH levels, which may be related to the onset of the disease. Experiments have found that TSH can stimulate normal thyroid cells to express the pro-oncogene c-myc, thereby promoting cell proliferation.

(1) Follicular adenoma

Typical follicular adenomas are solidly round or oval in shape, and a few may be partially cystic with complete capsules. Microscopic images of these follicular adenomas can be divided into five subtypes:

① Embryonic adenoma.

② Fetal adenoma.

③Colloid adenoma.

④Acidophilic adenoma or Hurthle cell tumor.

⑤Atypical adenoma.

(2) Papillary adenoma

It is a rare benign epithelial tumor. Some pathologists believe that benign papillary adenomas do not exist. If papillary structures are found, they should be diagnosed as low-grade malignant papillary adenocarcinomas, which are graded according to the branching of the papillae. It is generally believed that the characteristics of papillary adenomas are papillary structures and a tendency to cystic degeneration.

In the above article, the causes of thyroid cancer are explained. I believe that everyone has a certain understanding of the causes of thyroid cancer. We should start with prevention for any disease. In terms of diet, we must not eat greasy and spicy food for a long time. In addition, we should quit smoking and drinking, and do appropriate physical exercise to enhance our physical fitness.