What is the introduction of bladder cancer

Introduction to bladder cancer: Bladder is the most common tumor of the urinary system and one of the most common tumors in the body. Most of them occur in the bladder triangle, the two side walls and the neck. In my country, the incidence of bladder cancer in men ranks eighth among all tumors in the body, and in women it ranks after twelfth. In recent years, reports on the incidence of tumors in some cities in my country have shown that the incidence of bladder cancer has an increasing trend. Bladder tumors currently rank first among urinary male reproductive system tumors.

Bladder cancer is more common in men, with a male-female incidence rate of 3-4:1. The age of onset is 50-70 years old. The cause of bladder cancer is complex and has not been fully clarified so far, but according to reports of clinical studies, it is believed to be related to the following factors:

1. People who work with long-term contact with aromatic substances, such as fuel, leather, rubber, and painters, may have a high incidence of bladder tumors.

2. Smoking can increase the incidence of bladder tumors.

3. The bladder mucosa is stimulated for a long time. For example, long-term chronic infection, long-term stimulation of bladder stones and urinary tract obstruction can induce cancer; while cystitis and mucosal leukoplakia are considered precancerous lesions.

4. Taking large amounts of phenacetin drugs has been proven to cause bladder cancer.

5. Parasitic diseases.

6. Other factors, such as pelvic X-ray exposure, can also cause cancer.

Bladder cancer treatment

Bladder cancer can be roughly divided into three categories according to its clinical characteristics: superficial bladder cancer, muscle-invasive bladder cancer, and metastatic bladder cancer.

Superficial bladder cancer refers to cancer that is confined to the superficial bladder mucosal epithelium and submucosa. This type of tumor is an early stage bladder cancer and is treated with transurethral bladder tumor resection (transurethral laser resection), which is less invasive and has a quick recovery. All surgeries that preserve the bladder are prone to recurrence. In order to prevent the recurrence of bladder cancer after surgery, adjuvant intravesical chemotherapy is required after surgery. Currently, the most widely used intravesical drugs in clinical practice are BCG, mitomycin C, pirarubicin, epirubicin, hydroxycamptothecin, etc. For bladder cancer that recurs after surgery and is still a non-muscle invasive tumor, another transurethral resection can be chosen.

For tumors that progress to muscle-invasive, transurethral resection is no longer applicable; muscle-invasive bladder cancer refers to cancer cells that have grown deep into the bladder muscle layer. The clinical feature of this type of bladder tumor is that it is prone to metastasis, so the treatment method for this type of tumor is generally to choose total cystectomy plus pelvic lymph node dissection. The two most widely used surgical methods in clinical practice are ileal cystectomy and in situ neobladder surgery.