What are the clinical methods for diagnosing lung tumors?

In my country, an average of 200,000 people die from lung cancer every year. The incidence and mortality of lung cancer are increasing year by year. It has become the most deadly malignant tumor. Among the clinical visits of lung cancer patients, 85% are in the late stage. Therefore, early diagnosis of lung cancer is particularly important. So what are the clinical methods for diagnosing lung cancer?

1. Percutaneous lung biopsy for diagnosis of lung tumors

In cases where the nature of the lesion is generally unclear and the patient's physical condition is not suitable for exploratory thoracotomy, percutaneous puncture of lung tissue can be used to collect specimens from the puncture needle for pathological examination, paying attention to the presence of complications such as pneumothorax, hemothorax, and hemoptysis.

2. Thoracotomy for diagnosis of lung tumors

In cases where the lungs have been examined unsuccessfully with multiple methods and the possibility cannot be ruled out, thoracotomy may be performed if the patient's general condition permits.

3. X-ray examination to diagnose lung tumors

X-ray examination is the most commonly used and important means of diagnosing lung tumors. Although early lung tumors have not yet shown masses, local emphysema caused by bronchial obstruction, infiltrative lesions near the lesion, or pulmonary inflammation may be seen. In the middle and late stages of lung tumors, X-ray examinations can understand the location and size of tumor growth, and can also observe the movement of the diaphragm, which is helpful for judging whether cancer cells have invaded the phrenic nerve.

4. Sputum cytology for diagnosis of lung tumors

Sputum cytology is a simple and effective method for diagnosing lung tumors and conducting general surveys. Since most primary lung tumor patients have sputum containing exfoliated cancer cells, examining the exfoliated cells can determine the histological type of cancer cells. On the other hand, when lung tumors metastasize to the pleural cavity or pericardial cavity, part of the effusion can be extracted and processed to find cancer cells, and then a diagnosis can be made.

5. Bronchoscopy for diagnosis of lung tumors

Bronchoscopy is an important measure in the diagnosis of lung tumors. It can directly observe the lesion range and pathological changes of the bronchial endothelium and lumen through bronchoscope.

6. Mediastinoscopy for diagnosis of lung tumors

This method is used to determine the extent of mediastinal invasion by central lung tumors.

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