Do you know the symptoms of lung cancer

Do you know something about lung cancer? Do you know how to take care of lung cancer? Let's learn some knowledge about lung cancer.

1. Clinical manifestations

There are usually no symptoms in the early stages. Almost two-thirds of lung cancer patients are already in the advanced stage (stage III or IV) when they seek medical treatment. 95% of patients have clinical examination results. Primary tumors, metastatic tumors, systemic symptoms or tumor-associated symptoms can all be the patient's first symptoms.

The first symptoms caused by the primary tumor accounted for 27%. The symptoms were related to the location of the primary tumor. Central lung cancer was manifested by irritating dry cough, breathlessness, repeated pneumonia in the same location, hemoptysis or asthma, recurrent laryngeal nerve, phrenic nerve compression symptoms or superior vena cava compression syndrome. Peripheral tumors are more common with symptoms such as chest pain, breathlessness or pleural effusion. Large peripheral lesions, central necrosis, and cavities eventually present similar manifestations to lung abscesses. Common symptoms of primary lung cancer are grouped.

Distant metastatic lesions cause the first symptoms in 32% of cases. Common distant metastatic sites include lymph nodes, adrenal glands, liver, bones, lungs, brain and chest wall. Some corresponding symptoms occur, indicating that lung cancer has reached the late stage, such as: tumors near the mediastinum can invade the phrenic nerve, causing ipsilateral diaphragm paralysis, and under fluoroscopy, the diaphragm position is elevated and abnormal respiratory movements are shown; invade the ipsilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve, causing hoarseness, ipsilateral vocal cord paralysis and fixation in the median position; compress the superior vena cava, causing edema of the head, face and upper limbs, and venous distension; invade the pleura, causing a large amount of blood in the pleural cavity. Fluid accumulation, aggravating the symptoms of shortness of breath, or directly invade the chest wall, causing severe chest pain; lung cancer at the apex of the upper lobe is located at the entrance of the thorax, also known as superior pulmonary sulcus cancer, which can invade and compress the brachial plexus, cervical sympathetic ganglia, and subclavian artery and vein, producing a series of special symptoms, such as numbness and pain in the ipsilateral upper limb, which gradually increases and becomes difficult to tolerate; atrophic changes in muscles and skin, distension and edema of the upper limb veins; and cervical sympathetic nerve syndrome such as ipsilateral ptosis, pupil constriction, enophthalmos, and absence of sweat on the face.

10% to 20% of lung cancer patients have tumor-associated syndromes. The most common symptoms are small cell lung cancer and squamous cell carcinoma. Common tumor-associated syndromes include pulmonary osteoarthritis syndrome (clubbing, bone and joint swelling and pain, periosteal hyperplasia, etc.), SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion), hypercalcemia, etc. There are also Cushing's syndrome, myasthenia gravis or male breast enlargement. About 16% of patients have neuromuscular symptoms, and some patients have skin diseases such as scleroderma and acanthosis nigricans.

The clinical manifestations of lung cancer are closely related to the location, size, compression, invasion of adjacent organs, and metastasis of the tumor. Tumors grow in larger bronchi, often causing irritating coughs. Tumor enlargement affects bronchial drainage, and secondary lung infection may cause purulent sputum. Another common symptom is bloody sputum, usually with blood spots, blood streaks, or intermittent hemoptysis. Even one or two bloody sputums in some patients are of great reference value for diagnosis. Some patients may experience chest tightness, shortness of breath, fever, and chest pain due to large bronchial obstruction caused by tumors.

When advanced lung cancer compresses adjacent organs and tissues or metastasizes to distant sites, it may cause:

①Compression or invasion of the phrenic nerve, causing paralysis of the ipsilateral diaphragm.

②Compression or invasion of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, causing vocal cord paralysis and hoarseness.

③ Compression of the superior vena cava causes venous distension in the face, neck, upper limbs and upper chest, subcutaneous tissue edema, and increased venous pressure in the upper limbs.

④ Invasion of the pleura may cause pleural effusion, which is mostly bloody.

⑤ The cancer invades the mediastinum and compresses the esophagus, which may cause difficulty in swallowing.

⑥ Upper lobe lung cancer, also known as Pancoast tumor or superior pulmonary sulcus tumor, can invade and compress organs or tissues located at the upper opening of the thorax, such as the first rib, supraclavicular artery and vein, brachial plexus, cervical sympathetic nerves, etc., causing chest pain, distension of the jugular vein or upper limb veins, edema, arm pain and upper limb movement disorders, ptosis of the upper eyelid on the same side,

A small number of lung cancers, due to the production of endocrine substances by the tumor, clinically present non-metastatic systemic symptoms, such as osteoarthritis (clubbed fingers, joint pain, periosteal hyperplasia, etc.), Cushing syndrome, myasthenia gravis, male breast enlargement, multiple muscle neuralgia and other extrapulmonary symptoms. These symptoms may disappear after the removal of lung cancer.

2. Diagnosis

The diagnosis of primary bronchogenic lung cancer is based on symptoms, signs, X-ray findings, and sputum cancer cell examination (sputum examination). Different steps should be taken according to different situations during the diagnosis.

(a) X-ray negative, sputum negative

1. Asymptomatic patients with three high-risk factors (male, age ≥45 years, and smoking >400 cigarettes/year) should undergo 70-100 mm fluorescent microscopic X-ray or chest fluoroscopy and sputum cytology every six months.

2. Patients with hemoptysis and/or dry cough accompanied by the three major high-risk factors should undergo repeated sputum cytology examinations and receive regular anti-inflammatory treatment; fiberoptic bronchoscopy (bronchoscopy) and video fluoroscopy can be considered. If repeated sputum examinations or microscopic examinations are still negative, they should be reexamined every two months for one year.

(ii) X-ray negative, sputum positive

1. Exclude upper respiratory tract and esophageal cancer

2. Perform bronchoscopy and try to see the sub-sub-segment. If there is any suspicious local mucosal thickening, roughness or blood stains, brush, wash or puncture the bronchial wall mucosa to look for cancer cells. If the local area is uneven or obviously rough, consider taking a bite biopsy.

3. Perform TV fluoroscopy, change body position, and pay special attention to small nodules in hidden areas.

4. If the above examinations fail to find the lesion, sputum, electrodialysis and bronchoscopy should be repeated every two months. CT examination can also be performed, and sub-layering should be performed in suspicious areas. Regular reexamination should continue for no less than one year.

(III) X-ray positive, sputum negative

1. Patients with segmental or lobar pneumonia or obstructive pneumonia and suspected central lung cancer should undergo bronchoscopy, including transbronchial biopsy (TBB), or selective bronchography; and repeated sputum examination should be performed.

2. Local sectional films should be taken for masses or nodules. Transbronchial lung biopsy (TBLB), percutaneous lung biopsy, or aspiration for cytological diagnosis can be performed if conditions permit.

3. Perform sputum examinations at least twelve times continuously.

4. If repeated sputum tests are still negative but X-rays highly suspect lung cancer, exploratory thoracotomy and frozen section biopsy should be performed.

(IV) X-ray positive, sputum positive

1. Actively prepare for surgery.

2. When regional lymphadenopathy is suspected, AP and lateral oblique slice films can be taken. CT can be performed if necessary. For limited-stage small cell lung cancer, CT and AP and lateral oblique slice films, liver B-ultrasound, bone isotope scanning and bone marrow puncture biopsy smear examinations should be routinely used in large hospitals to facilitate the formulation of treatment plans.

The above is some knowledge about lung cancer that we have prepared for you today. I hope it will be helpful to you. If you have any other needs, you can also consult our online consulting experts of Feihua Health Network. We are always here to answer your questions. Feihua Health Network is always by your side and cares about your health issues! Feihua Health Network wishes you good health!

Lung cancer: http://www..com.cn/zhongliu/fa/