How does the pathology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma change

In recent years, nasopharyngeal carcinoma has become one of the major diseases that endangers society and human health, and it has brought great pain and distress to humans. In order to reduce the incidence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma, we humans should understand the pathological changes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma:

Naked eye view

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma can present in four forms: nodular, cauliflower, invasive and ulcerative. The nodular form is the most common, followed by the cauliflower form. In the early stage, the local mucosa is rough and slightly raised. In the case of invasive nasopharyngeal carcinoma, the mucosa may be intact, and the cancerous tissue may infiltrate and grow under the mucosa, so that the cervical lymph node metastasis may occur before the primary cancer is discovered.

Histological type

Most NPCs originate from the reserve cells of the columnar epithelium of the nasopharyngeal mucosa. These reserve cells are primitive multipotent cells that can differentiate into columnar epithelium or squamous epithelium.

The commonly used histological types of NPC are as follows:

1. Squamous cell carcinoma Well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma has obvious stratification of cancer nests, and a large number of keratinized beads can be seen. Poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma often has no keratinization phenomenon, and cancer cells form cancer nests of varying sizes and irregular shapes, and the stratification of cancer cells is not obvious. Cancer cells are polygonal or oval, with rich cytoplasm and clear boundaries. In a few cancer cells, intercellular bridges can be seen. Poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma is common.

2. Adenocarcinomas are mostly derived from the columnar epithelium of the mucosa. Well-differentiated adenocarcinomas are extremely rare, and the cancer cells are arranged in alveolar or glandular cavity-like structures. Poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma cancer cells are arranged in irregular cords or sheets, occasionally with glandular cavity-like structures or a tendency to form glandular cavities.

3. Undifferentiated carcinoma has two main subtypes. One is called vesicular cell carcinoma or large round cell carcinoma, formerly known as lymphoepithelial carcinoma. The cancer nests vary in size and shape, and the boundary with the stroma is not very clear. The cancer cells are large in size, with rich cytoplasm, unclear cell boundaries, large vacuolated nuclei, round or oval nuclei, clear nuclear membranes, and 1 to 2 large nucleoli. Lymphocyte infiltration is common among cancer cells. The other type is characterized by smaller cancer cells, less cytoplasm, and round or short spindle shapes. Cancer cells are diffusely distributed, and there is no obvious cancer nest formation. It is highly malignant.

The above are the pathological changes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Expert Tips: If you have symptoms of disease, do not delay diagnosis and go to a regular hospital for treatment in time to avoid delaying the disease and causing serious consequences. If you have other questions, please consult our online experts or call for consultation.

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