Tumor grading and staging

The human body changes with age. When one reaches a certain age, immunity and resistance decrease, which often leads to diseases. Cancer is the most common and terrible disease today. Its essence is a tumor in the body, which is an aggregate of many viruses. Tumors are divided into malignant tumors and benign tumors, and are also divided into stages and grades. Different treatments are required at different stages and levels.

1. Benign tumors grow slowly and do not metastasize. Apart from local compression symptoms, there are generally no systemic symptoms. The symptoms of malignant tumors are more complicated, and vary depending on the primary site and the site of invasion. For example, esophageal cancer often causes dysphagia, and lung cancer causes symptoms such as coughing and hemoptysis. Malignant tumors are characterized by easy metastasis, and in the late stages there are often systemic symptoms such as fever, poor appetite, weight loss, anemia, etc.

2. 1. Although tumor markers lack specificity, they still have certain value in assisting diagnosis and judging prognosis. 2. Genetic testing can determine whether specific genes for tumors or cancer are present, thereby making a diagnosis. 3. Endoscopic examination uses laparoscope and endoscopic technology to directly observe tumors or other lesions in hollow organs and body cavities, and can obtain tissues or cells through endoscopy for histopathological diagnosis. 4. Pathological examination Pathological examination is currently the only examination method with diagnostic significance.

3. 1. Targeted therapy, such as the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer with EGFR sensitive mutations, has significant efficacy, but the emergence of drug-resistant genes is currently the main obstacle to further improving the efficacy. 2. Immunotherapy uses the body's immune system to fight tumor cells. Currently, the most advanced ones are cancer vaccine therapy and monoclonal antibody therapy. 3. Traditional Chinese medicine treatment combined with surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy can reduce the toxic side effects of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, promote patient recovery, and enhance tolerance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. 4. Gene therapy is a method of introducing exogenous genes into the human body to correct genetic defects, ultimately achieving the purpose of directly or indirectly inhibiting or killing tumor cells. 5. Endocrine therapy such as sex hormones can be used for palliative treatment of breast cancer, prostate cancer, and endometrial cancer.