The chromosome set carries all the genetics

Many people are more concerned about chromosome issues in their lives. In fact, everyone should know that chromosomal abnormalities can be divided into several states. Chromosomes are present throughout the body, but diseases in chromosomes may be passed on to the next generation. This is why there are so many genetic problems carried by genetic diseases in medicine.

A group of non-homologous chromosomes in a cell, which differ in morphology and function but carry all the information that controls the growth, development, inheritance and variation of an organism, is called a chromosome set.

A chromosome set refers to a group of non-homologous chromosomes in a cell and is now widely used as a special term. H. Winkler (1920) first proposed that a complete set of haploid chromosomes is a chromosome set. This group of chromosomes, together with the protoplasm to which it belongs, should be considered a taxonomic unit. This was the first concept given to the chromosome set. Kihara Hitoshi (1980) gave this concept a functional meaning, that is, a group of chromosomes that are indispensable for various organisms to maintain the coordination and harmony of their life functions is a chromosome set. In a diploid organism with chromosome set A, the chromosome sets of somatic cells and germ cells are AA and A respectively.

The emergence of haploidy proves that only one set of chromosomes can sustain the survival of an organism. If all the chromosomes contained in two sets of chromosomes are identical to each other, they are called homologous chromosome sets. On the contrary, if all the chromosomes are different, they are called heterologous chromosomes. The chromosomes in between are partially homologous. The "chromosome" of the virus (it is not surrounded by histones, so this term is not standard) is a single-stranded RNA with a specific size for each species. Because all the genetic information that determines a species is stored in a group of nucleic acid molecules, its chromosomal nucleic acid molecules are also a chromosome set (or genome). Therefore, the so-called chromosome set of polyomavirus, the chromosome set of Escherichia coli, etc., often means their respective chromosome DNA molecules.

In the somatic cells of most organisms, chromosomes are paired. For example, fruit flies have 4 pairs of 8 chromosomes in total. These 4 pairs of chromosomes can be divided into two groups, each group includes 3 autosomes and 1 sex chromosome. In the case of male flies, one group includes X, II, III, and IV. Another group includes Y, II, III, and IV. During sperm formation: the number of chromosomes is halved after meiosis, so the sperm of male fruit flies contains only one set of chromosomes (X, II, III, IV or Y, II, III, IV). The 4 chromosomes in this set have different shapes and sizes. Like the four chromosomes in the sperm of male fruit flies, all the chromosomes in a germ cell are different in morphology and function, but contain all the information that controls the growth, development, inheritance and variation of the organism. Such a complete set of non-homologous chromosomes is called a chromosome set. People often use chromosome karyotype analysis methods to describe the characteristics of the chromosome set in the metaphase of mitosis.

Characteristics of a chromosome set: No matter how many chromosomes a chromosome set contains, the morphology, structure and linkage groups of each chromosome in the same chromosome set are different from each other, but they constitute a complete and coordinated system. The lack of any one of them will cause infertility or trait variation.