What types of kidney disease are there

Problems with any organ in the body will affect our health, especially our kidneys, which are one of the important organs of the human body. However, there are also many diseases related to them. So what types of kidney disease are there? Renal insufficiency brings many complications, such as memory loss and low spirits. The symptoms associated with kidney disease include not only gastrointestinal symptoms, but also cardiovascular problems.

What are the types of kidney disease?

1. Gastrointestinal symptoms

The most common symptoms are gastrointestinal symptoms, including loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and urine odor in the mouth.

2. Gastric and duodenal inflammation, ulcers, and bleeding

Gastric and duodenal inflammation, ulcers, and bleeding are common, and their incidence is higher than that of normal people. The main manifestations of blood system abnormalities in CKD patients are renal anemia and bleeding tendency. Most patients generally have mild to moderate anemia, which is mainly due to erythropoietin deficiency, so it is called renal anemia. Respiratory symptoms such as shortness of breath and rapid breathing may occur when there is too much body fluid or acidosis. Severe acidosis may cause deep and long breathing. Excessive body fluid and heart failure can cause pulmonary edema or pleural effusion. Some severe patients may have uremia, pulmonary edema, uremic pleurisy, uremic pulmonary calcification, etc.

3. Cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease is one of the major complications and the most common cause of death in patients with CKD. As renal function continues to deteriorate, the prevalence of heart failure increases significantly, reaching 65% to 70% in the uremia stage. Heart failure is the most common cause of death in patients with uremia. Hemodialysis patients have more severe atherosclerosis and vascular calcification than pre-dialysis patients, and atherosclerosis tends to develop more rapidly. Uremic cardiomyopathy is mainly related to factors such as retention of metabolic waste and anemia. Pericardial effusion is also quite common in CKD patients.

4. Neuromuscular system symptoms

Neuromuscular system symptoms in the early stages of CKD may include insomnia, inattention, and memory loss. As the disease progresses, symptoms such as apathy, convulsions, hallucinations, drowsiness, coma, and mental abnormalities are common. Peripheral neuropathy is also common. Hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, active vitamin D deficiency, etc. can induce secondary hyperparathyroidism (abbreviated as hyperparathyroidism); the above factors in turn lead to renal osteodystrophy (i.e. renal bone disease), including osteitis fibrosa cystica (high-turnover bone disease), osteomalacia (low-turnover bone disease), poor bone formation, osteoporosis and mixed bone disease.

5. Endocrine dysfunction

CKD patients often have endocrine dysfunction, including endocrine dysfunction of the kidney itself, including: 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3, erythropoietin deficiency and increased renal renin-angiotensin II levels; it can also cause hypothalamic-pituitary endocrine dysfunction: such as increased levels of prolactin, melanin-stimulating hormone (MSH), luteinizing hormone (FSH), follicle-stimulating hormone (LH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), etc.; most patients have secondary hyperparathyroidism, insulin receptor disorders, increased glucagon, etc. About a quarter of patients have mildly decreased thyroid hormone levels.

Some patients may have skin symptoms such as pigmentation, calcification, itching, difficulty sweating, ulcers, etc. Some patients may have hypogonadism, which is manifested by gonadal maturation disorder or atrophy, low libido, amenorrhea, infertility, etc., which may be related to abnormal serum sex hormone levels, the effects of uremic toxins, and lack of certain nutrients (such as zinc).