What medicine to take for urinary stones

The renal tubule is a part of the kidney. Its main function is to re-filter hormones in the body, retaining useful vitamins in the body, while some residues will be excreted through urine. However, if there is an abnormality in this part, it will cause kidney stones. Kidney stones are more common in men than in women. Usually, kidney stones will cause urination blockage. If you have this disease, try to drink less water and eat more fruits.

Urinary tract stones are one of the most common urological diseases. There are more males than females, about 4 to 5:1. Urinary stones form in the kidneys and bladder. There are significant differences in the formation mechanism, etiology, stone composition and epidemiology between upper urinary tract stones and lower urinary tract stones. Most upper urinary tract stones are calcium oxalate stones. Among bladder stones, magnesium ammonium phosphate stones are more common than those in the upper urinary tract. The nucleation theory, stone matrix theory and crystal inhibitory substance theory are the three most basic theories of stone formation. Based on the different mechanisms of upper urinary tract stone formation, some people divide them into stones related to metabolic factors and infectious stones. Bacteria, infection products and necrotic tissue are also the core of stone formation.

1. Urinalysis: Whether there are red blood cells or not, more oxalate can be found in the urine.

or phosphate crystals; if there is a concurrent infection with stones, pus cells may also be found in the urine;

2. Take a plain abdominal X-ray: This is the most valuable examination for the diagnosis and treatment of urinary stones. About 95% of stone patients can show up on X-ray films. If necessary, further intravenous pyelography can be performed to understand renal function and hydronephrosis;

3. B-ultrasound: economical and simple, it can diagnose positive stones and hidden stones that cannot be found on X-rays. Its disadvantage is that it is not very satisfactory in showing stones in the middle and lower parts of the ureter.

4. CT examination: It can be used for patients with stones that cannot be visualized on X-rays, but it is expensive and is not included in routine examinations;

5. Cystoscopy + retrograde angiography: This method is mainly used for patients with suboptimal IVP or patients who are allergic to contrast.

2. 1. Pyeloplasty or renal sinus lithotomy: Open the renal pelvis and remove stones, staghorn stones or calyceal stones. Sometimes a pelvic and calyceal incision within the renal sinus is required to remove the stones.

2. Renal parenchyma incision and lithotomy: If the kidney stones are large and cannot be removed through the renal sinus, the renal parenchyma needs to be incised to remove the stones.

3. Partial nephrectomy: It is suitable for multiple stones in one pole of the kidney (mostly in the lower pole of the kidney), or located in the dilated and poorly drained renal calyx. The kidney pole or the renal calyx together with the stones can be removed.

4. Nephrectomy: If one side has kidney stones and severe hydronephrosis or pyonephrosis, which has caused severe damage to or loss of renal function, while the contralateral kidney has good function, the affected kidney can be removed.

5. Ureterotomy and lithotomy: Ureterotomy and lithotomy can be performed for patients with ureteral stones larger than 1 cm in diameter or stone impaction causing urinary obstruction or infection and for those who have not responded to non-surgical treatment.

6. Lithotomy: If the diameter of the stone in the middle and lower ureter is less than 0.6 cm, it can be removed through cystoscopy using a special basket or catheter.