Compared with atypical pneumonia, bacterial pneumonia is less harmful and the causes it causes are relatively common. From a clinical perspective, fungal infections, such as Haemophilus influenzae, anaerobic bacteria, mycoplasma and chlamydia; impaired immune function, such as cold, hunger, drunkenness, malnutrition, and inhalation of toxic gases are all key causes of this disease. 1. Pathogens of pneumonia (32%): The pathogens of pneumonia vary greatly depending on the host's age, concomitant diseases and immune function status, and mode of acquisition (community-acquired pneumonia or nosocomial pneumonia). Common pathogens of community-acquired pneumonia are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Legionella, anaerobic bacteria, viruses, mycoplasmas and Chlamydia, while common pathogens of nosocomial pneumonia are Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other Pseudomonas, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, cloacae and Enterobacteriaceae, Proteus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and fungi. Most aspiration pneumonias are caused by anaerobic bacteria. 2. Immunity (17%): Immune defense mechanisms such as filtration and humidification of inhaled gas, epiglottis and cough reflex, bronchial ciliary mucus excretion system, humoral and cellular immune function keep the trachea, bronchi and alveolar tissues sterile. Pneumonia is likely to occur when the immune function is impaired (such as cold, hunger, fatigue, drunkenness, coma, inhalation of toxic gas, hypoxemia, pulmonary edema, uremia, malnutrition, viral infection, and the use of glucocorticoids, artificial airways, nasogastric tubes, etc.) or when the pathogens entering the lower respiratory tract are more virulent or large in number. The main modes of bacterial invasion are aspiration of oropharyngeal colonization bacteria and inhalation of bacterial aerosols. The former is the most important pathogenesis of pneumonia, especially in nosocomial pneumonia and Gram-negative bacillus pneumonia. Direct bacterial implantation, spread of infection to adjacent sites, or bloodstream dissemination to other sites are rare. 3. Stages of pathological changes (10%): : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : |
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