Pulmonary dyspnea manifests itself in these three symptoms

Expiratory dyspnea is often manifested as labored exhalation, slow exhalation, prolonged expiratory phase, accompanied by wheezing, and is seen in bronchial asthma and obstructive pulmonary disease; mixed dyspnea is often manifested as labored exhalation, increased frequency, shallower depth, and may be accompanied by abnormal or pathological breath sounds.

1. Causes

Dysbiosis caused by ventilation and gas exchange dysfunction due to lesions of the respiratory organs, leading to hypoxia and carbon dioxide retention.

2. Diagnosis

It mainly manifests itself in the following three forms:

1) Inspiratory dyspnea: Inhalation is markedly difficult. It manifests as stridor and depression of the sternum, supraclavicular fossa and intercostal spaces during inspiration - the three-depression sign. It is common in laryngeal and tracheal stenosis, such as inflammation, edema, foreign bodies and tumors.

2) Expiratory dyspnea: labored, slow, and prolonged exhalation, accompanied by wheezing, seen in bronchial asthma and obstructive pulmonary disease.

3) Mixed dyspnea: manifested by a feeling of effort during all breathing phases, increased frequency, shallower depth, and may be accompanied by abnormal or pathological breath sounds. They are all seen in pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis, large amounts of pleural effusion, pneumothorax, etc.

3. Identification

(1) Pulmonary dyspnea: When the respiratory organs themselves become diseased, the inhalation and exhalation of gases are obstructed, the lung respiratory area is reduced, and the elasticity of the lung tissue is reduced, resulting in a lack of oxygen in the blood and an increase in carbon dioxide, leading to excitement of the respiratory center, such as diseases of upper respiratory tract stenosis, chronic alveolar emphysema, various pneumonias, pulmonary edema, pleuropneumonia, pleurisy, etc. In addition, it can also be seen in some infectious diseases, such as swine plague, swine wheezing disease, chicken laryngitis, etc.

(2) Cardiac dyspnea: due to abnormal cardiac function, circulatory dysfunction occurs, especially when the pulmonary circulation is impaired, ventilation is affected, and the inhalation and excretion of oxygen and carbon dioxide are disordered, resulting in mixed dyspnea, which can be seen in heart failure, myocarditis, pericarditis and endocarditis, etc.

(3) Hematogenous dyspnea: Due to a decrease in the number of red blood cells or denaturation of hemoglobin in the blood, the oxygen-carrying capacity decreases, and insufficient blood oxygen leads to dyspnea, which can be seen in various types of anemia.

(4) Toxic dyspnea: Toxic substances produced by metabolism in the body directly act on the respiratory center; or toxic substances entering from outside the body act on hemoglobin, causing a decrease in oxygen carrying capacity, blood oxygen deficiency, and accumulation of carbon dioxide, leading to dyspnea. It can be seen in metabolic acidosis, uremia, ketonemia, nitrite poisoning, hydrogen cyanide poisoning, etc.

(5) Central dyspnea: It is mainly caused by severe brain diseases, which increase intracranial pressure and inflammatory products that stimulate the respiratory center, causing dyspnea. Seen in cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral edema, brain tumors, meningitis, etc.

(6) Dyspnea due to increased abdominal pressure: In cases of acute gastric dilatation, intestinal distension, acute rumen bloat, ascites, etc., the abdomen exerts enormous pressure on the chest, obstructing respiratory movement and causing dyspnea. From the above, it can be seen that there are many reasons for dyspnea, which should be comprehensively analyzed clinically.