Which tests can confirm lymphoma

Lymphoma is a malignant tumor originating from the lymphatic hematopoietic system, which is mainly manifested by painless lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and all tissues and organs of the body may be affected, accompanied by systemic symptoms such as fever, night sweats, weight loss, and itching. The cause is unclear. It is generally believed that it may be related to gene mutations, virus and other pathogen infections, radiation, chemical drugs, and combined autoimmune diseases. So what tests can confirm lymphoma?

1. Routine blood test and blood smear: Routine blood test is generally normal, but may be combined with anemia of chronic disease. HL may show an increase in PLT, WBC, and eosinophilia. Aggressive NHL invading the bone marrow may cause anemia, a decrease in WBC and PLT, and lymphoma cells may appear in the peripheral blood.
2. Bone marrow smear and biopsy: Bone marrow involvement is rare in HL. NHL invades the bone marrow, and lymphoma cells can be seen in bone marrow smears. The cells are large, rich in chromatin, gray-blue, and obviously abnormal in morphology, with a "tailing phenomenon"; lymphoma cells ≥ 20% are lymphoma leukemia; bone marrow biopsy can show lymphoma cell aggregation and infiltration. Some patients have increased hemophagocytosis and hemophagocytosis in bone marrow smears, which are more common in T-cell NHL.
3. Blood biochemistry: Increased LDH is related to tumor burden and is an indicator of poor prognosis. HL may have increased ESR and ALP.
4. Histopathological examination: The basic pathological morphological changes of HL are the diagnosis of RS cells and their variants in the mixed proliferation background of various inflammatory cells. Immunohistochemical characteristics: Classical CD15+, CD30+, CD25+; Nodular lymphocyte-dominated CD19+, CD20+, EMA+, CD15-, CD30-. NHL lymph node or tissue pathology shows destruction of normal lymph node or tissue structure, scattered or diffuse infiltration of tumor cells, and different pathological types have their own unique pathological manifestations and immunophenotypes.