The scope of surgical resection for bladder cancer

Bladder cancer is a common urinary system tumor that occurs in adults over 40 years old. Its treatment effect is closely related to the degree of tumor development. Bladder cancer often requires surgery. The specific scope and method of surgery should be determined based on a comprehensive analysis of the tumor's stage, malignancy, pathological type, tumor size, location, and whether it involves adjacent organs.

1. Non-invasive superficial papilloma (stage Ta), single, few and scattered tumors with a volume of more than 1 cm, can be treated with electrocautery through the urethra.

2. In the early stage of the tumor, it is small in size, such as pedunculated papilloma with a diameter of less than 2 cm, mass-shaped, mulberry-shaped small sessile tumors, and superficial bladder tumors that have not yet invaded the deep muscles (T2 stage). They can generally be treated by cystoscopic electroresection without the need for surgery.

3. As the tumor size increases, the malignancy of the tumor often increases. Invasive papillary carcinoma that is far away from the bladder trigone and bladder neck and has a more limited range requires surgical removal of the tumor or part of the bladder.

4. Patients with advanced bladder cancer, such as those with tumors located in the bladder trigone and infiltration in the bladder neck, tumors that have metastasized to surrounding lymph nodes, recurrent tumors, etc., need to have the entire bladder removed and use their own ileum or colon as an artificial bladder. Such patients need to wear a urine bag for life, which greatly reduces their quality of life.