Diseases that require surgery_What diseases require surgery

Nowadays, many people often suffer from diseases, but the diseases they suffer do not require surgery to treat. On the contrary, some problems that people think are unnecessary require surgery. This makes people feel very confused and they don’t know exactly what requires surgery. There are many diseases that require surgery, including some such classifications, which require careful understanding and knowledge.

What diseases require surgery?

By subject

It can be divided into general surgery, orthopedic surgery, urological surgery, thoracic surgery, cardiovascular surgery, cranial nerve surgery, obstetrics and gynecology surgery, ophthalmology surgery, otolaryngology surgery and plastic surgery. Due to the continuous development of surgical system science, the division of labor has become more refined, and the types of surgeries have become more numerous and specialized.

For example, general surgery is divided into operations on the head and neck, abdomen, tumors, burns, and organ transplants; plastic surgery is also divided into functional plastic surgery and beauty-oriented cosmetic surgery, and there are even specialized operations on organs such as the nose, eyes, and breasts.

According to the severity of the disease

Can be divided into:

① Elective surgery. The timing of performing the operation will not affect the outcome of the operation. For example, cases where duodenal ulcers are not responsive to medical treatment and require subtotal gastrectomy.

② Surgery within a certain period of time. Although the time of surgery can be chosen, it should not be delayed too long. For example, radical surgery for various cancers such as gastric cancer and breast cancer, or subtotal gastrectomy in preparation for duodenal ulcer complicated with pyloric obstruction.

③Emergency surgery. Surgery that needs to be performed quickly in the shortest possible time. Such as liver or spleen rupture and bleeding, strangulated intestinal obstruction, epidural hematoma, open fracture, etc. The time required to prepare for surgery should be kept as short as possible.

By number of surgeries

It can be divided into: ①One-stage surgery. That is, a surgery that is completed in one go. Most surgeries belong to this category, such as the removal of superficial tumors. ②Stage surgery. Refers to an operation that needs to be completed in several sessions at certain intervals due to various conditions. For example, if the sigmoid colon is torsion and the intestine is already necrotic, after removing the necrotic intestinal segment, due to poor blood circulation in the colon and a large number of bacteria, the primary anastomosis is difficult to heal. Therefore, the two broken ends can be externalized to form a colostomy (temporary surgery), and then a secondary anastomosis (permanent surgery) can be performed later. Plastic surgery uses a staged approach to transfer the abdominal flap to the head and neck via the upper limbs. Among staged surgeries, two-stage surgeries are the most common.

By surgical purpose

Can be divided into: ① Diagnostic surgery. Surgery done to confirm the diagnosis. Such as biopsy, laparotomy, etc. ② Radical surgery. Generally refers to tumors. Benign tumors can be completely removed; radical surgery for malignant tumors requires the entire primary lesion and the corresponding regional lymph nodes to be removed together. ③Palliative surgery. According to the contamination situation, it can be divided into three categories: ① Aseptic surgery.

Refers to surgery that is not contaminated by bacteria. Such as thyroidectomy, hernia repair, osteotomy, etc. The incision usually heals well with small scars, which is primary healing. ②Contaminated surgery. During surgeries that may be contaminated by bacteria, such as gastrointestinal surgery, bacteria in the intestinal cavity may contaminate the surgical area. With proper treatment, such as preoperative intestinal preparation and reducing contamination during surgery, most incisions can achieve primary healing.

Some contaminated wounds can be kept open for 2 to 3 days to drain secretions and then sutured when there is no obvious infection. This can often achieve a healing similar to the first stage, which is called tertiary healing. ③Infection surgery. Refers to surgery performed on an infected area, such as incision and drainage of an abscess. Infected wounds heal through the proliferation of granulation tissue, which is called secondary healing, also known as scar healing.