Symptoms of breast edema

Girls' breasts may develop many diseases, such as breast nodules, breast cancer, breast hyperplasia or breast edema. Sometimes, some people will inexplicably feel pain in their breasts. And suddenly there are signs of getting bigger. This may be due to breast regrowth or breast swelling. So how should we determine whether the breast is edematous? Below, the editor will introduce to you the symptoms of breast edema.

Papilledema is also called papilledema. It is passive congestion and edema of the optic nerve head without primary inflammation. Ophthalmoscopy revealed hyperemia, bulging, and blurred edges of the optic disc. Papilledema is not a truly independent disease, but a common symptom caused by various factors leading to pressure imbalance on both sides of the lamina cribrosa. It is often caused by intracranial, intraocular, intraorbital, and certain systemic diseases.

Anatomically, except for the optic papilla, the optic nerve is surrounded by a sheath that is connected to the meninges, and the space between the sheaths of the optic nerve is also connected to the subarachnoid space of the brain. Under normal circumstances, tissue fluid from the eye can flow into the intracranial subarachnoid space and the third ventricle through the optic nerve sheath space, and cerebrospinal fluid can also flow into the optic nerve sheath space. In addition, the venous blood of the optic nerve head and the optic nerve behind the lamina cribrosa is also discharged by the central retinal vein.

When there is an intracranial space-occupying lesion or inflammation, an increase in cerebrospinal fluid, a small cranial cavity volume (such as acrocephaly), or certain serious systemic diseases such as rapidly progressive hypertension, renal hypertension, blood disease, etc. that cause increased intracranial pressure, or an orbital tumor, abscess, orbital cellulitis, etc. that cause increased orbital pressure, the pressure in the space around the nerve sheath increases, causing the drainage pathway of the tissue fluid in the optic nerve sheath space to the brain to be blocked, and at the same time compressing the central retinal vein passing through the sheath space, causing blood reflux obstruction, and the venous blood flow behind the optic disc and the cribriform plate cannot be discharged from the central retinal vein, causing optic disc edema. Under normal circumstances, intraocular pressure is higher than intracranial pressure. This situation has important physiological significance, that is, it can ensure that the tissue fluid in the optic nerve sheath space flows to the subarachnoid space of the brain, and also allow the blood in the optic nerve head vein to flow to the central retinal vein passing through the optic nerve sheath space. However, when the intraocular pressure drops suddenly, such as due to penetrating eye trauma or intraocular surgery, the intracranial pressure becomes relatively higher than the intraocular pressure, which will cause drainage obstruction of the intrathecal fluid of the optic nerve and obstruction of venous return, resulting in papilledema.

How to differentiate between papilledema and papillitis?

It is quite difficult to diagnose papilledema in the early stage, and its development must be observed repeatedly over a few days to make a judgment. After the papilledema and congestion become increasingly obvious, the diagnosis is not difficult, but it should be differentiated from optic neuritis.