What is morphine and what are its pharmacological effects

Generally speaking, morphine is used in the operating room or when there are physical symptoms that are not responding to ordinary analgesics. Morphine mainly stimulates the central nervous system to achieve the effect of analgesia and is effective in relieving all pain.

Morphine, analgesia: used in the short term for acute severe pain that is not responsive to other analgesics, such as severe pain from surgery, trauma, and burns; three-step analgesia for patients with advanced cancer.

Myocardial infarction: used for patients with myocardial infarction with normal blood pressure, it has the effect of calming and reducing the cardiac load, and relieving fear. Cardiac asthma: Temporarily relieves symptoms of pulmonary edema. Anesthesia and preoperative medication: to calm the patient and put him into a drowsy state.

Its hydrochloride or sulfate is commonly used. It belongs to the opioid bioalkaloids and is an opioid receptor agonist.

Pharmacological action:

(1) It stimulates the opioid receptors in the central nervous system by simulating the effects of endogenous anti-pain substances such as enkephalins, thereby producing a powerful analgesic effect. It is effective for all pains, and is more effective for persistent dull pain than intermittent sharp pain and visceral colic.

(2) It has a significant sedative effect while relieving pain, thus improving the tension of patients in pain.

(3) It can inhibit the respiratory center and reduce its sensitivity to carbon dioxide. The degree of inhibition of the respiratory center is dose-dependent. Excessive doses can lead to respiratory failure and death.

(4) It can inhibit the cough center and produce an antitussive effect.

(5) It can excite smooth muscles, increase the tension of intestinal smooth muscles and cause constipation. It can also increase the tension of smooth muscles in the bile duct, ureter, and bronchus.

(6) It can promote the release of endogenous histamine, leading to peripheral vasodilation, decreased blood pressure, cerebral vasodilation, and increased intracranial pressure.

(7) It has antiemetic and miotic effects