What is the main effect of morphine and where is it used

Morphine, as a commonly used drug, has a very good effect in relieving pain in the human body. Morphine mainly controls the human body's central nervous system and blocks pain, and is often used in surgery. Generally speaking, morphine is effective for all pain in the human body.

1. Central nervous system

(1) Analgesia and sedation: Morphine has a strong analgesic effect and is effective for all kinds of pain. It is more effective for chronic persistent dull pain than acute intermittent sharp pain and can produce sedation and euphoria.

(2) Inhibit respiration: Reduce the sensitivity of the respiratory center to carbon dioxide and inhibit the respiratory regulation center, slowing down the respiratory rate and reducing the tidal volume. As the dose increases, the inhibition increases.

(3) Antitussive: Inhibits the cough center in the medulla oblongata, causing the cough reflex to disappear. It has a strong antitussive effect but is addictive, and codeine is often used as a substitute in clinical practice.

(4) Induce emetics: stimulates the medulla oblongata chemotactic zone (CTZ), causing nausea and vomiting. Continuous medication may disappear.

(5) Miosis: Pinpoint pupils are often used as one of the important bases for diagnosing morphine overdose.

(6) Others: Promote the release of antidiuretic hormone, prolactin and growth hormone; inhibit the release of luteinizing hormone. It can produce euphoria in patients who are in mental states such as sadness and pain.

2. Excite smooth muscle

(1) Gastrointestinal tract: Morphine excites the smooth muscles and sphincters of the gastrointestinal tract, causing spasms, weakening gastric emptying and propulsive intestinal motility, and causing constipation.

(2) Biliary tract: Therapeutic doses of morphine can cause contraction of the bile duct smooth muscle and sphincter, increase the intra-biliary pressure and gallbladder pressure, and in severe cases cause biliary colic.

(3) Other smooth muscles: Therapeutic doses of morphine increase the tone of uterine smooth muscles, prolong labor and affect delivery; increase the tone of the bladder sphincter, leading to urinary retention; and also have a contractile effect on the ureters. Medical Education Network has collected and compiled that patients with biliary colic and renal colic should not use morphine alone. For patients with bronchial asthma, therapeutic doses of morphine can induce asthma and are contraindicated.

3. Cardiovascular system

Morphine dilates both resistance and capacitance vessels, causing orthostatic hypotension. It causes cerebral vasodilation and increased cerebral blood flow, leading to increased intracranial pressure. Therefore, it is contraindicated for patients with cranial trauma and intracranial space-occupying lesions.