How to diagnose bladder cancer? Four methods of diagnosing bladder cancer

Bladder cancer is a malignant tumor located on the bladder mucosa. It is the most common urinary tumor. The incidence rate in men is much higher than that in women. The etiology is complex. Genetic factors, smoking, and exposure to chemical substances may all lead to the disease. The early clinical manifestation is hematuria, which is painless and may resolve on its own. Generally, hematuria visible to the naked eye indicates that it has developed to the middle and late stages. This article will introduce four diagnostic methods for bladder cancer.

1. Routine examination. Urinalysis is based on whether red blood cells can be detected under a high-power microscope to determine whether hematuria has occurred. Urinalysis is the only method for diagnosing hidden hematuria. It is simple and easy to use. It is suitable for screening of early bladder cancer and can also be used for routine examination of high-risk groups.

2. Urine exfoliated cell examination. This is a simple and non-invasive examination method, which is of great value for the diagnosis of bladder cancer. About 85% of bladder cancer patients can detect positive exfoliated cells. Like blood and urine examination, urine exfoliated cell examination is also a relatively easy test item to carry out. For high-risk groups, urine exfoliated cell examination also has a certain warning significance in early screening.

3. X-ray angiography. Through angiography, we can understand the degree of bladder filling, the degree and depth of tumor infiltration. Combined with renal pelvis and ureteroscopy, we can understand whether there is hydronephrosis and ureteral infiltration, and can also explore its degree of infiltration.

4. Cystoscopy. Cystoscopy can directly see the location, size, number, and shape of the tumor, but doctors usually do not recommend cystoscopy because it is easy to cause trauma and is not conducive to treatment. Other non-invasive bladder cancer detection methods such as imaging diagnosis can already accurately diagnose.

In addition to the above four methods, imaging tests are also of great reference significance for diagnosis and treatment. B-ultrasound examination can clearly observe the size and location of the tumor and its relationship with surrounding tissues. In combination with rectal ultrasound scanning, the base of the tumor can be further observed and bulges on the bladder wall can be found. The application of CT examination in the diagnosis of bladder cancer can also accurately image the tumor and can be used to evaluate the staging of bladder cancer.