What are the key points in diagnosing bladder cancer

The occurrence of bladder cancer can cause harm to the patient's body, and may also threaten the life safety of bladder cancer patients due to severe illness. So how can we detect bladder cancer early so that it can be treated in time? The following will introduce in detail the key points of diagnosing bladder cancer.

Key points in diagnosing bladder cancer

More than 90% of bladder cancers are transitional cell carcinomas, followed by adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, and a very small number of sarcomas. Currently, the three-level staging method is mostly used.

Grade 1: Well-differentiated, with more than 7 layers of transitional epithelium. The tuberculosis and nuclear atypia are slightly different from normal, and nuclear division is occasionally seen.

Grade 2: In addition to epithelial thickening, cell polarity disappears, moderate nuclear atypia occurs, and nuclear division is common.

Grade 3: Undifferentiated type, no similarity to normal transitional epithelium, frequent nuclear divisions. (-) Clinical manifestations

(1) Hematuria: recurrent painless, intermittent macroscopic hematuria, sometimes only microscopic hematuria. The amount of bleeding can be more or less, in severe cases, the whole process of hematuria or blood clots can be present. Hematuria can sometimes stop or reduce on its own, giving the illusion of improvement. The amount of bleeding and the duration of hematuria are not proportional to the malignancy, size, range, or number of the tumor. Urinary tract irritation symptoms: when the tumor is accompanied by infection or the tumor occurs in the trigone of the bladder, urinary tract irritation symptoms will appear earlier.

(2) Bladder irritation symptoms: Tumor infiltration, necrosis, ulceration and infection can irritate the bladder, causing frequent urination and urgency. In the clinic, patients with bladder irritation who lack evidence of infection should undergo a comprehensive examination to ensure early diagnosis.

(3) Difficulty in urination: Due to the large size of the tumor, or the tumor occurring at the bladder neck, or the pedunculated tumor, or the formation of blood clots that block the internal opening of the bladder, urination becomes difficult and even causes urine retention. Pubic mass: This is the initial symptom in about 3% of patients. Most of them are adenocarcinomas at the top of the bladder or solid bladder cancers with high malignancy in other parts of the bladder. Rectal examination can touch an uneven hard mass.

(4) Metastatic symptoms: In the late stage of bladder cancer, it may infiltrate the surrounding tissues or metastasize to other internal organs. When the tumor invades the tissues around the bladder or metastasizes to the pelvic lymph nodes, pain may be seen in the suprapubic area of ​​the pubic region, lumbar pain, or pain radiating to the vulva or thighs. When the tumor is located at the ureteral opening on one side, it may cause ureteral obstruction on one side and hydronephrosis.

(5) Systemic symptoms: nausea, loss of appetite, fever, weight loss, anemia, cachexia, etc.

I hope that through the above introduction, everyone will know the key points in diagnosing bladder cancer, so that patients can better cooperate with the examination after they feel unwell. Of course, going to a regular hospital for examination will ensure more accurate results.