How to identify the early symptoms of cervical cancer? There are 9 ways to diagnose cervical cancer

Cervical erosion is a very common disease. Patients may experience symptoms such as bleeding during menstruation, contact bleeding, and increased vaginal discharge. During examination, small bright red particles can be found around the external opening of the cervix, which usually bleed after wiping. Many women are afraid to learn that they have cervical erosion and believe that they will soon develop cervical cancer.

In fact, this idea is unnecessary. There is no necessary connection between cervical erosion and cervical cancer. Most married and even unmarried women suffer from varying degrees of cervical erosion, but they do not develop cervical cancer.

Cervical erosion refers to the eversion of the columnar epithelium in the female cervical canal, replacing the squamous epithelium of the cervix. Doctors will find that the cervix is ​​locally congested and red. In fact, cervical erosion is not really "rotten". It can be a physiological phenomenon or a common inflammatory state. Under the action of estrogen, the columnar epithelium in the cervical canal of women of childbearing age will evert and replace the squamous epithelium of the cervix, which may appear "eroded". Due to the relatively low estrogen level in the body, "erosion" is rare in women before puberty and during menopause, which is at a lower level.

Experts explain: Cervical cancer is a malignant tumor, second only to breast cancer in incidence, and is a killer of women's health. It is prone to occur after the age of 35, with a peak period of 45 to 59 years old. Many cervical cancer patients are difficult to detect in the early stages, which leads to worsening of the disease and delays in the best treatment time. Therefore, it is very important to understand the early symptoms of cervical cancer, and timely diagnosis of cervical cancer is the key to treatment.

So, what are the common methods for diagnosing cervical cancer? What specific examinations are needed?

Vaginal cytology

Years of clinical practice have proven that vaginal cytology is a very valuable method for detecting early cervical cancer. Because cancer cells metabolize quickly, have poor cohesion, are easy to remove dandruff, and have simple materials and inspection methods and high accuracy, it is generally used as the main method for cervical cancer screening. Samples used for vaginal cytology, inspection methods, and characteristics of cancer cells.

In 1978, the first national cervical cancer prevention and control cooperation group stipulated the five-level classification of Pap staining. Grades Ⅲ, Ⅳ, and V are positive, and the Ⅲ-level coating should be carefully handled: if the cervix is ​​smooth, it should be reviewed once a month. If it is negative for three consecutive times, it should be reviewed every three months and followed for one year. If the repeated coating remains unchanged, if the Ⅲ level remains unchanged, multiple cervical biopsy and endocervical canal scraping should be performed. If the pathological examination is a benign change, the smear should still be reviewed monthly after surgery and continue to be observed. If the smear is positive, further examination of the cervical cone incision should be considered. If cervical erosion is observed with the naked eye and accompanied by vaginal inflammation, a smear should be performed after the inflammation is treated, and a cervical biopsy should be performed if necessary. If there is a suspected malignant lesion in the cervix, multiple cervical biopsy and endocervical canal scraping should be performed immediately. If the pathological examination is benign, the above steps should continue to be followed.

Most of the coatings at IV and V levels are malignant, and cervical biopsy must be performed in time to confirm the diagnosis as soon as possible. In order to improve work efficiency and reduce labor intensity, foreign countries have studied cell diagnosis automation devices in recent years, including automatic cell screening instruments, cell analyzers and cell research instruments.

Colposcopy

Generally, it can be magnified 10 to 40 times to observe the surface epithelium and blood vessels of the cervix, thus improving the diagnostic accuracy of vaginal cytology and biopsy. At the same time, cervical biopsy and unnecessary cone biopsy can also be avoided from abuse. Some people believe that the early diagnostic value of colposcopy for cervical cancer can be compared with cytology, and the combination of the two can complement each other. Many authors have reported that the combination of cytology and colposcopy can make the early diagnosis accuracy as high as 98 to 99%.

Aimed biopsy under colposcopy is more accurate than blind biopsy. Some people recommend using endoscopic biopsy and endocervical scraping, which can basically replace cervical conization. The disadvantage of colposcopy is that cancer in the endocervical canal cannot be observed. Abnormal epithelium seen under the microscope is not all cancer, and cannot be. It is not suitable for vaginal stenosis, necrosis and bleeding of the cervical surface

3. Vaginal microscopy

It can be magnified 100-300 times, and the cervix is ​​coated with 1% toluidine blue to observe the cell structure, and the classification diagnosis can be made according to the cell morphology, arrangement, size, nuclear size, morphology, staining depth, and capillary image. However, this method cannot replace biopsy, so it is of little practicality.

4. Cervical biopsy

Biopsy is the most reliable basis for diagnosing cervical cancer. Vaginal cytology and colposcopy are suspicious or positive; when clinical manifestations are suspicious of cervical cancer or other cervical diseases are difficult to identify cervical cancer, a biopsy should be performed. The materials and methods include four conventional materials for suspicious sites or sites diagnosed as cancer; multi-point materials in iodine-unstained areas, endocervical scraping, and colposcopy materials. The cancer misdiagnosis rate of colposcopy biopsy is 5.5%, and the cancer misdiagnosis rate of multi-point biopsy in iodine-unstained areas is 4.3%, and the results are similar.

5. Cervical Conization Examination

Vaginal cytology is positive multiple times, and colposcopy or biopsy is negative; multiple cervical biopsies confirm carcinoma in situ, but patients with invasive cancer cannot be excluded. Cervical conization should be considered before treatment, and the diagnosis should be further clarified by serial sections. We once encountered a case in which multiple cervical scrapes were positive, but multiple biopsies and endocervical scrapes did not find cancer. Finally, the cervical cone section was diagnosed as carcinoma in situ involving the glands. Although the diagnostic accuracy of cervical conization is high, the operation is complicated, requires hospitalization, and has more postoperative complications. Therefore, recently, many authors have advocated the use of the above methods for comprehensive examination.

6. Local smear examination

Rapid diagnosis method of local cervical smear: Yang Jian (1963) designed a method of direct local cervical staining using iron hematoxylin solution based on the principle of surface staining method to assist in the diagnosis of early cervical cancer. The principle is that when the staining quality of cancer cell nuclei increases and combines with iron hematoxylin in the dye solution, it can be stained dark black within 1 to 2 minutes, while the normal mucosa is not stained or only light gray. The two form a sharp contrast, and the naked eye can make a preliminary judgment. This method is simple and fast to operate, and the diagnostic accuracy rate exceeds 90%. It can be used as one of the methods for cancer prevention surveys or preliminary screening in cancer prevention clinics. However, it is not a special diagnostic method. A biopsy and a positive diagnosis must be performed.

7. Fluorescein test

Fluorescein is a biological dye that has a certain affinity for cellular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). After oral or intravenous injection, cancer tissue absorbs more fluorescein than normal tissue. Under the stimulation of ultraviolet light, the fluorescence intensity produced by cancer tissue is stronger than that of normal tissue, so it presents a contrast of different colors, which is helpful for the diagnosis of early cancer. The method is to take 1g of fluorescein sodium salt orally, and use a 2537 spectrum, 8-watt power quartz glass ultraviolet light source in a dark room for 11/2~3 hours to irradiate the cervix and observe local color changes. Purple is smooth squamous epithelium, indicating a normal cervix. Purple-brown can be seen in people with cervical erosion. If the purple or purple-brown part is scattered in thin strips or spotted yellow, the fluorescein test is positive, indicating that the cervical epithelium has atypical hyperplasia or early cancer.

Fluorescent examination of suspected cervical cancer can assist in biopsy positioning, increase the biopsy positivity rate, and obtain early diagnosis.

8. Fluorescence Microscopy

Fluorescent dyes are adsorbed in biological tissues. Under ultraviolet irradiation, fluorescence of different colors and intensities occurs in various parts of the cells, and then the internal structure of the cells is observed using a fluorescence microscope. The commonly used fluorescent dye is subacute orange (hereinafter referred to as AO), which has a strong affinity for both DNA and RNA. Subacute orange solution and 0.1% pH at 6 conditions, RNA in the cytoplasm and nucleolus emits red fluorescence, and nuclear chromatin DNA emits green or yellow fluorescence. Cancer cells grow rapidly, the nucleic acid in the cytoplasm increases greatly, and the nucleic acid DNA in the nucleus also increases, so the fluorescence is very strong, with a fiery red cytoplasm and a bright green nucleus.

Fluorescence microscopy examination of cervical cancer exfoliated cells is simple, economical, and rapid, and its diagnostic accuracy is slightly lower than that of pasteurization staining. It can be used for cervical cancer prevention and cancer screening.

9. Chromosome examination

Chromosome examination helps to identify inflammation or tumors. In recent years, some people have advocated chromosome examination for cases that are difficult to diagnose in cytology and histology, which helps to confirm the diagnosis of lesion epithelium. According to the literature, the chromosomes of cervical inflammatory cells are normal diploid, and the chromosome karyotype of mildly anaplastic cells is mostly normal. When severe atypical hyperplasia, carcinoma in situ, and early invasive carcinoma occur, aneuploidy and polyploidy can be found in most cases. With the development from carcinoma in situ to invasive carcinoma, all diploid cells can gradually disappear completely.

10 Chinese herbal medicine prescriptions for treating uterine cancer

[Square One]

Patrinia 30g, Fritillaria 15g, Smilax glabra 20g, Honeysuckle 20g, Stir-fried Sophora japonica 15g, Scutellaria barbata 30g, Herba Prunellae 30g, Toosendan charcoal 15g, Lingzhi charcoal 10g, Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae 15g, Raw Coix Seed 30g, Licorice 3g. Take 1 dose per day, decocted in water. It has a good effect on early cervical cancer.

[Part 2]

9g of cinnamon twig, 15g of Poria cocos, 12g of moutan bark, 15g of peach kernel, 12g of red peony root, 6g of frankincense, 6g of herbaceous wormwood, 15g of kelp, 18g of seaweed, 18g of tortoise shell, 15g of saw vine. Decoction, 1 dose per day, morning and evening. This prescription is suitable for cervical cancer.

[Part Three]

18g of Shuyangjia, 5g of red dates, 5g of Mingdangshen, 3g of Hongmaicao. Decoction in water, 1 dose per day, morning and evening. Suitable for cervical cancer.

[Square Four]

1 sea dragon, 3 white snakes, leeches, worms, human nails, coptis root, frankincense, 6 grams of no medicine, whole scorpion, honey, Phellodendron chinense 9 grams, moutan bark 12 grams, gentian 15 grams. Drug research, decoction of silver flower into pills, the outside is realgar yellow, 6-9 grams per day, 2-3 times a day. This method is suitable for cervical cancer.

[Square Five]

100g of Zeqi, 3 eggs. Add appropriate amount of water, cook Zeqi and eggs together, eat eggs and drink soup after cooking, 1 dose per day. Suitable for cervical cancer.

[Square Six]

45g of Astragalus, 15g of Angelica, 12g of Cyperus, 15g of Trillium, Atractylodes, and Anemarrhena, 30g of Leech, 15g of Chicken's Gizzard, 60g of Sophora flavescens, 15g of Peach Kernel, 15g of Codonopsis pilosula, 15g of Panax pangolin, and 60g of Flea. Take the medicine 2-4 times a day, 3-6g each time. This prescription is suitable for cervical cancer of Qi stagnation and blood stasis type.

[Part 7]

3 centipedes, 6g scorpion, 24g kelp, seaweed, angelica, Dipsacus asper, Scutellaria barbata, Hedyotis diffusa, 15g white peony root, Cyperus rotundus, Poria, 9g bupleurum. Decoction, 1 dose per day, 2g Yunnan Baiyao. Suitable for cervical cancer.

[Square Eight]

20g each of Adenophora adenophora and Dendrobium officinale, 6g of Auricularia auricula, 20g each of Pseudostellaria heterophylla and Fructus Ligustri Lucidi, 30g of Eclipta prostrata, 20g each of Paeonia lactiflora and Dianthus sempervirens, 30g of Patrinia scabra, 15g of Charcoal Chuanjun, 10g of Gardenia jasminoides, 20g of Poria, 30g of Codonopsis pilosula, and 3g of Licorice. Decoction in water, 1 dose per day. This prescription is suitable for middle and late stage cervical cancer.

[Square Nine]

6g each of Bupleurum, Chuanxiong, Angelica, White Peony Root, Rehmannia Glutinosa, Toona Sinensis Peel, and Ginkgo. Decoction once a day. Suitable for advanced cervical cancer.

[Square Ten]

20g each of Trigonosciadium japonicum, Atractylodes macrocephala, and Coptis chinensis, 15g each of Phellodendron chinense and Scutellaria baicalensis, 20g each of Cinnamon twig and Poria cocos, 15g each of Cortex Moutan, Red Peony Root, Safflower, and Peach Kernel, 20g each of Rubia cordifolia, Pulsatilla scutellariae, and Scutellaria barbata. Decoction, 1 dose per day, 10 days as a course of treatment. Suitable for advanced cervical cancer.