The most reliable method for diagnosing bladder cancer

Bladder cancer refers to a variety of malignant tumors that originate from the bladder, which is a large and uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells. The bladder is a hollow organ that stores urine. Its outer wall is mainly composed of muscle and is located in the lower abdomen. The most common bladder cancer cells come from the mucosal epithelium on the inner surface of the bladder. The official name is transitional cell carcinoma (TCC).

(1) Urinalysis: Hematuria that is invisible to the naked eye can be detected.
(2) Double bladder examination: It can check the scope and depth of bladder cancer infiltration. The doctor and the patient should cooperate during the examination and the movements should be gentle to avoid bleeding.
(3) Cystoscopy: This is the main method for diagnosing bladder cancer. It can directly see the location, size, number, shape, invasion, etc. of bladder cancer. Tumor biopsy should be performed at the same time during the examination.
(4) CT scan: It can detect tumors and enlarged lymph nodes with an accuracy rate of 80%, and helps to correctly stage bladder cancer.
(5) B-ultrasound: This examination is painless. The accuracy is proportional to the size of the tumor. Generally, tumors larger than 0.5 cm can be found. It is of auxiliary value in distinguishing bladder stones from tumors.
(6) Cystography: It is generally used to supplement the deficiencies of cystoscopy. If the tumor is too large, cystography can be used to view the entire picture. Multiple exposures can show that the bladder wall is stiff and cannot expand. Double contrast imaging shows the tumor more clearly.
(7) Urine exfoliative cytology: As an early diagnosis method for bladder cancer, it is painless, convenient, and easy for patients to accept. However, when low-grade tumor cells are well differentiated, it is difficult to distinguish them from normal transitional epithelial cells or mutant cells caused by inflammation. Urine exfoliative cytology with acridine orange staining: Because the biochemical changes of bladder cancer cells occur earlier than the morphological changes of cells, acridine orange is highly metachromatic and can bind to DNA molecules. Using acridine orange staining and fluorescence microscopy, a clear cell image can be obtained, which is easy to judge.