Clinical staging of lymphoma

Pathological histological examination is the only basis for confirming lymphoma. The characteristic is that the normal structure of the affected lymph nodes or extranodal lymphoid tissue is destroyed to varying degrees and replaced by new tumor cells. Immunohistochemical markers can determine the origin and degree of differentiation of lymphoma cells. According to the 1971 Ann Arbor staging scheme, it is divided into 4 stages.

Stage I: The disease is confined to a single lymphatic region or to a single extranodal organ or site of involvement.

Stage II: The lesion involves two or more groups of lymph nodes on the same side of the diaphragm, or involves a single extranodal organ with one or more groups of lymph nodes on the same side of the diaphragm.

Stage III: The lesions involve both sides of the diaphragm, mainly in the lymphatic system such as lymph nodes, spleen or a single extranodal organ.

Stage IV: The lesion extensively involves more than one extranodal organ or tissue, such as bone marrow, liver, lung, bone, pleura, kidney, and skin, with or without lymphadenopathy