What causes intestinal bleeding?

Intestinal bleeding is a current digestive system disease, which is closely related to gastrointestinal inflammation, organ damage, and vascular lesions. Because of the infection of adjacent organs and systemic diseases, it will cause bleeding in the gastrointestinal system. Patients need to promptly determine the cause, choose the appropriate method of treatment, and find the real bleeding point during the examination process to achieve the effect of hemostasis.

Gastrointestinal bleeding can be caused by inflammation of the digestive tract itself, mechanical injury, vascular disease, tumors and other factors, or it can be caused by lesions of adjacent organs and systemic diseases involving the digestive tract.

1. Causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding

1. Esophageal diseases: esophagitis (reflux esophagitis, esophageal diverticulitis), esophageal cancer, esophageal ulcer, esophageal cardia mucosal tear, damage caused by instrument examination or foreign bodies, radiation damage, chemical damage caused by strong acids and strong alkalis.

2. Gastric and duodenal diseases: peptic ulcer, acute and chronic gastritis (including drug-induced gastritis), gastric mucosal prolapse, gastric cancer, acute gastric dilatation, duodenitis, residual gastritis, residual gastric ulcer or cancer, as well as lymphoma, leiomyoma, polyp, sarcoma, hemangioma, neurofibroma, diaphragmatic hernia, gastric torsion, diverticulitis, hookworm disease, etc.

3. Jejunal ulcer and anastomotic ulcer after gastrointestinal anastomosis.

4. Portal hypertension, rupture and bleeding of the esophageal venous curve, portal hypertensive gastropathy and cirrhosis, portal vein obstruction due to portal vein inflammation or thrombosis, and hepatic vein obstruction (Budd-Chiari syndrome).

5. Diseases of organs or tissues adjacent to the upper digestive tract

(1) Biliary bleeding: bile duct or gallbladder stones, biliary ascariasis, gallbladder or bile duct disease, liver cancer, liver abscess or rupture of hepatic vascular lesions.

(2) Pancreatic diseases involving the duodenum: pancreatic abscess, pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, etc.

(3) Thoracic or abdominal aortic aneurysm ruptures into the digestive tract.

(4) Mediastinal tumor or abscess ruptures into the esophagus.

6. Systemic diseases manifest as bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract

(1) Blood diseases: leukemia, aplastic anemia, hemophilia, etc.

(2)Uremia.

(3) Connective tissue disease: vasculitis.

(4) Stress ulcers: severe infection, surgery, trauma, shock, adrenal glucocorticoid treatment and stress caused by certain diseases, such as cerebrovascular accident, cor pulmonale, severe heart failure, etc.

(5) Acute infectious diseases: hemorrhagic fever, leptospirosis.

2. Causes of lower gastrointestinal bleeding

1. Anal canal diseases: hemorrhoids, anal fissures, and anal fistulas.

2. Rectal diseases: Rectal damage, nonspecific proctitis, tuberculous proctitis, rectal tumors, rectal carcinoids, adjacent malignant tumors or abscesses invading the rectum.

3. Colon diseases: bacterial dysentery, amoebic dysentery, chronic nonspecific ulcerative colitis, diverticulum, polyps, cancer and vascular malformations.

4. Small intestinal diseases: acute hemorrhagic necrotizing enteritis, intestinal tuberculosis, Crohn's disease, jejunal diverticulitis or ulcer, intussusception, small intestinal tumors, gastrointestinal polyposis, small intestinal hemangioma and vascular malformations.