How to treat nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the middle and late stages

The treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the middle and late stages requires a combination of radiotherapy, chemotherapy and targeted therapy to control the disease and improve the quality of life. The treatment plan needs to be formulated according to the patient's specific condition, physical condition and tumor stage. Early intervention and standardized treatment are the key.

1. Radiotherapy is the main treatment for NPC in the middle and late stages. Radiotherapy kills cancer cells through high-energy rays and is suitable for local tumor control. Intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and proton therapy are commonly used techniques that can accurately target tumors and reduce damage to surrounding normal tissues. Side effects such as dry mouth and dysphagia may occur during radiotherapy, which require nutritional support and symptom management.

2. Chemotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the middle and late stages. Commonly used drugs include cisplatin, paclitaxel and 5-fluorouracil, which can be used alone or in combination with radiotherapy. Chemotherapy can inhibit the spread of tumors, but may cause adverse reactions such as nausea and hair loss. During treatment, blood routine and liver and kidney function should be monitored regularly, and drug dosage should be adjusted in time.

3. Targeted therapy is a precise treatment method for specific gene mutations. Cetuximab and Nimotuzumab are commonly used targeted drugs that can block tumor cell growth signals. Targeted therapy has relatively few side effects, but genetic testing is required to determine its applicability. For recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma, targeted therapy can significantly prolong survival.

4. Immunotherapy is an emerging treatment method in recent years. PD-1 inhibitors such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab activate the immune system to attack cancer cells. Immunotherapy is suitable for some patients with advanced disease, but the risk of immune-related adverse reactions needs to be assessed. During treatment, the immune response needs to be closely monitored and side effects should be dealt with in a timely manner.

5. Supportive treatment and rehabilitation management are crucial to improving the quality of life of patients. Long-term side effects such as cervical fibrosis and hearing loss may occur after radiotherapy, requiring physical therapy and functional training. Psychological support and nutritional conditioning are also important components of rehabilitation, helping patients relieve anxiety and improve physical condition.

The treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the middle and late stages requires multidisciplinary collaboration and the development of individualized plans. The combined application of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy can effectively control tumor progression and prolong patient survival. During treatment, attention should be paid to side effect management, combined with supportive treatment and rehabilitation measures to comprehensively improve the patient's quality of life. Regular follow-up and early intervention are the key to improving prognosis. Patients should actively cooperate with treatment and maintain an optimistic attitude.