What are the examination items for lung cancer? A complete list of examination items for diagnosing lung cancer

Lungs are the body's ventilator. Lung cancer is one of the diseases with the fastest growing incidence and mortality rate and the greatest threat to human health. The health of a person's lungs determines the quality of his life. I believe many people would like to know the examination items for lung cancer. Let me introduce to you the examination items for lung cancer.

What are the tests for lung cancer?

1. Sputum exfoliative cytology is simple and easy to perform, but the positive detection rate is only 50% to 80%, and there is a 1% to 2% false positive rate. This method is suitable for general screening in high-risk groups and for the diagnosis of isolated lung shadows or unexplained hemoptysis.

2. Percutaneous lung puncture cytology is suitable for peripheral lesions and is not suitable for thoracotomy cases for various reasons. Other methods have not been able to establish a histological diagnosis. At present, it tends to be combined with CT to use a fine needle, which is safer to operate and has fewer complications. The positive rate is 74% to 96% in malignant tumors, while it is lower at 50% to 74% in benign tumors. Complications include pneumothorax 20% to 35% (about 1/4 of which require treatment), small amount of hemoptysis 3%, fever 1.3%, air embolism 0.5%, and needle tract implantation 0.02%. Thoracic surgery is less used because it has thoracoscopy, thoracotomy and other means.

3. Patients suspected or confirmed of lung cancer by thoracentesis cytology may have pleural effusion or pleural metastasis. The cell analysis of pleural effusion extracted by thoracentesis can clarify the stage and provide a basis for diagnosis in some cases. For lung cancer with pleural effusion, bronchopulmonary adenocarcinoma has the highest detection rate, and its positive rate of cytological diagnosis is 40% to 75%. If the cytological analysis of the pleural effusion obtained by puncture cannot make a diagnosis, further examination methods such as thoracoscopy can be considered.

4. Scalene and supraclavicular lymph node biopsy For lung cancer patients, routine biopsy cannot palpate the scalene or supraclavicular lymph nodes, and metastasis is rarely found. For patients with palpable supraclavicular lymph nodes, the diagnosis rate is close to 90%. Biopsy occasionally causes complications such as pneumothorax and massive bleeding. Even if complications are rare, for cases where lymph nodes can be palpated in the scalene or supraclavicular muscles, FNAB (fine needle aspiration biopsy) is currently recommended, while surgical biopsy of the lymph nodes is reserved. Routine histology and appropriate immunohistochemistry examinations are helpful for the diagnosis of cell typing.

5. Serum tumor markers Many serum tumor markers related to lung cancer have been found (Table 3). These markers may indicate the enhancement of carcinogenic factors or the degree of "detoxification" of certain carcinogens. Serum tumor markers for lung cancer may become valuable indicators for tumor staging and prognosis analysis, and can be used to evaluate the effect of treatment. The results of tumor marker detection must be combined with other test results and cannot be used alone to diagnose cancer.

6. Monoclonal antibody scanning The use of monoclonal antibodies for screening, diagnosis and staging is currently a field of experimentation. Immunofluorescence imaging of anti-carcinoembryonic antigen MoAb labeled with radioactive substances has been reported. Currently, 111In or 99Tc are generally used for labeling. 73% of primary tumors and 90% of secondary tumors absorb radioactive labeled antibodies, respectively. The absorption of antibodies is also affected by the size and location of the tumor.

1. X-ray diagnosis is the most commonly used method for diagnosing lung cancer, and its positive detection rate can reach more than 90%. The X-ray manifestations of lung cancer in the early stage are: ① isolated spherical shadows or irregular small pieces of infiltration; ② unilateral poor ventilation during deep inspiration under fluoroscopy, and the mediastinum slightly shifts to the affected side; ③ localized emphysema appears during the expiratory phase; ④ mediastinal swing appears during deep breathing; ⑤ If lung cancer progresses to block the segment or lobar bronchus, the gas at the distal end of the blockage is gradually absorbed and segmental atelectasis occurs. If this atelectasis is complicated by infection, pneumonia or lung abscess will form. Late stage lung cancer can be seen: huge tumor nodules in the lung field or hilum, without calcification, lobed, generally uniform density, burrs on the edges, twisted peripheral vascular texture, sometimes liquefaction in the center, thick-walled, eccentric, and uneven inner wall cavities. The doubling time is short. When the tumor blocks the lobe or common bronchus, atelectasis of the lung lobe or the whole lung occurs. When the pleura is involved, a large amount of pleural fluid can be seen, and when the chest wall is invaded, rib destruction can be seen (Figure 2). 。

2. CT examination CT examination is the most valuable non-invasive examination method for the diagnosis and staging of lung cancer. CT can detect the location and cumulative range of the tumor, and can also roughly distinguish between benign and malignant tumors.

After reading the above content, do you think that suffering from lung cancer is a very painful thing? If you want to stay away from lung cancer, you must start from yourself. Smoking can greatly increase the chance of lung cancer, so you should try to smoke less or even not smoke. Also, you must protect our living environment, reduce air pollution, and create a good breathing space for our lungs.