The most detailed introduction to small cell lung cancer

As the environment becomes increasingly harsh, there are more and more cancer patients. Cancer not only brings great pain to the patients themselves, but also brings serious disasters to their families. So what exactly causes cancer? I believe many people want to know. Let us take a look at the most detailed introduction to small cell lung cancer.

Small cell lung cancer accounts for about 20% of lung cancer. It is highly malignant, has a short doubling time, and metastasizes early and widely. It is sensitive to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and has a high remission rate for initial treatment. However, it is very prone to secondary drug resistance and relapse. Systemic chemotherapy is the main treatment. Disease classification SCLC can be divided into small cell lung cancer, including the previous oat cell carcinoma, and mixed carcinoma, which is a mixed type of small cell carcinoma and squamous cell or adenocarcinoma. At present, the most commonly used staging system in the field of SCLC treatment is the SCLC staging system developed by the Lung Cancer Research Group of the Veterans Hospital of the United States. If the tumor is confined to one side of the chest cavity, including the regional lymph nodes draining it, such as the ipsilateral hilar, mediastinal or supraclavicular lymph nodes and can be included in a radiotherapy field, it is a limited stage. If the tumor exceeds the limited stage, it is an extensive stage, of which the former accounts for about one-third and the latter accounts for two-thirds. This staging method is simple and easy to implement, and is related to the treatment efficacy and prognosis. The TNM staging is also currently used for the staging of SCLC.

The prevalence rate is 0.015% of the susceptible population, which is more common in middle-aged and elderly people. The mode of transmission is no infectious complications, pneumonia and arrhythmia. The treatment departments include surgery, thoracic surgery, internal medicine, respiratory medicine, oncology, and tumor surgery. The treatment methods include surgical treatment, drug treatment, radiotherapy, supportive treatment, treatment cycle, 1-5 years, cure rate, the average survival rate of limited stage is 12-20 months, and the 5-year survival rate is 10-20%. The extensive stage MS is 7-12 months, and the 5-year SR is less than 2%.

Commonly used drugs, hexamethylmelamine enteric-coated tablets, etoposide soft capsules, treatment costs, according to different hospitals, the charging standards are different. Eat more fresh vegetables and fruits, eat small meals frequently, reasonably match food, and diversify the diet.

Causes of disease: Smoking is the main risk factor for lung cancer, and SCLC is closely related to smoking. According to a summary analysis of smoking and lung cancer worldwide from 1970 to 1999, lung cancer is positively correlated with smoking intensity, amount and duration, and the relationship with SCLC is most obvious.

In the past few decades, there have been many studies on the molecular mechanism of SCLC, suggesting that the occurrence of SCLC may involve the participation of multiple genes. Some studies have shown that the tumor suppressor gene p53, RB gene, neuroblastoma gene, oncogene Bcl-2 gene, Myc gene, PI3K, AKT, mTOR signal transduction pathway, etc. are all related to the occurrence of SCLC.

Pathophysiology: It is generally believed that small cell lung cancer originates from Kulchitsky cell silver-loving cells in the bronchial mucosa or glandular epithelium and belongs to APUD tumor. Some people also believe that it originates from stem cells in the bronchial mucosal epithelium that can differentiate into neuroendocrine. Small cell lung cancer is the least differentiated and most malignant type of lung cancer. It often occurs in the central part of the lung, grows rapidly, and metastasizes early. Under a light microscope, the cancer cells are small and short spindle-shaped or lymphocyte-like, with little cytoplasm and a naked nucleus. Cancer cells are densely arranged in groups, separated by connective tissue, and sometimes cancer cells are arranged in groups around small blood vessels. Electron microscopic observation of ultrastructure shows that the tumor cell cytoplasm contains typical axon-like neuroendocrine granules, but the amount of granules varies, and it has been proven to be related to 5-HT and ACTH. From the immunohistochemical study, the tumor cells are positive for NSE, 5-HT, CgA, and Sy in some cases, proving that small cell carcinoma has neuroendocrine function. In addition, positive immunohistochemical reactions to CK and EMA are simultaneously present in the same tumor.

Prevention methods: Prevention of lung cancer is better than cure, and there are three levels of prevention. Prevention is for healthy people, mainly including not smoking and staying away from secondhand smoke pollution. Avoid outdoor air pollution and kitchen fumes as much as possible. Choose environmentally friendly decoration materials. Eat a balanced diet, eat more grains, vegetables, and fruits. Maintain an optimistic and positive attitude towards life and improve psychological adaptability. Prevention is rehabilitation prevention. Lung cancer patients should follow the doctor's advice and go to the hospital for regular checkups.